Transcript Ex-situ conservation of relict plants – challanges Svein

Challenges and perspectives on ex-situ conservation
of plants from relict cultivation (from the Middle ages)
Svein Øivind Solberg, Nordic Genetic Reseource Center (NordGen)
Althea officinalis – Lund Botanical Garden, 2011
Important questions for a gene bank
1. Authentisity of the material
2. Germination/regeneration protocols?
3. Genetic variation – within- and between
populations?
4. Co-operation – gene bank, botanical gardens,
museums, local owners/users and other in
conservation and use of the material?
Inula helenium
Ystad, 2012
Plants from relict cultivation - at the gene bank at NordGen today
• Bernt Løjtnants collection:
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Jylland (Kalø , Agri, Kollerup, Mols,
Mariager ) - 2007
• Sjælland (Borreby, Holsteinborg,
Agersø, Skjælskør, Fyrendal) - 2009
• Bornholm (Hammershus, Melsted,
Bølshavn, Gudhjem, Svaneke) - 2009
• Jylland (Mols – Dråby, Esby, Bosby,
Strandsø, Eens kirke ) - 2009
• Fyn (Kærsgaard, Brahetrolleborg,
Hesselager, Kaleko, Tranekær,
Valdemar)– 2010
• Jylland (Fiskbæk, Høegholm,
Ørslevskloster, Kvols, Spøtterup) 2011
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– Total 271 accessions
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Other collects:
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Skåne (Malmø, Lund) – relict cultivation from MA
Iceland (Angelica, Carum)
--• Karelen - Scandinavian settlements
• USA (Scandinavian emigrants) – cultivars/landraces of oat,
wheat, beans, peas
• Landraces and old cultivars (last centyry – today)
• POM collection (from before 1950)
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Future plans:
Samsø, Denmark – with Bernt Løjtnant – Sept/Oct 2012
Norway - with Per Arvid Åsen, 2013?
Filtkondslys (Verbascum thapsus),
Klostergården, Lund, 2011
Some challanges; no fruits, few fruits
Solbær (Ribes nigrum, Hald, 2011
Dansk ingefær (Arum alpinum ssp. danicum, Mols, 2010
other challanges; extremly rare, hybridization
Bryonia dioica, Stranso, 2010
Grenet kongslys? (Verbascum sp.) Strandso, 2010
What are we collecting?
• Kalø (fort ruin)
– Built in 1313 - left over in 1670th
– Bernt Løytnant: registred 26 relict
species introduced and cultivated
(SKALK 4/2007:11-15)
• These are plants introduced before
1670th – and after 1313
• These plants are the most longlived cultivated plants
(«sejlivede») from that period at
this site
• The people at the fort must have
cultivated also a lot of other
species, these are not at the site
anymore. The number of
cultivated species at a fort could
have been 200
– Collected and stored in the gene
bank – 4 accession
200 ?
26
4
• Hammershus (fort ruin)
200 ?
53
8
• «Sejlivede» - black listing
Myrrhis odorata, Stenbeg, Østre Toten, 2011
The job has just started
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Collect
Clean - verify quality and quantity
Dry - internal humidity 5%
Pack - sealed al-bags
Store - at minus 18 C; three locations
--Passport data – documentation
--Germination tests
Regeneration – multiplication
Distribution
Reseda luteola
Klostergården, Lund, 2011
Establishment of germination protocols
Experiment with 40 accessions
from different taxa
1.
2.
• no stratification
• three weeks stratification (4˚C)
• six weeks of stratification (4˚C)
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Followed by 17 days of incubation at 20˚C, 16
h day length.
4.
Twenty-five seeds of each accession, placed
on moist filter paper (soaked in ordinary tap
water) were used for each treatment.
5.
Germinated seeds were recorded and
removed continuously during the incubation.
Responded very well to the
stratification periods tested
Germinated well without the
stratification or had just
marginal increase with
stratification
Negative impact of
stratification
Insufficient stratification- or
incubation-period
Other measures have to be
taken
Fig 1. Examples of postitive effect
100
90
80
Germination %
70
Cichorium intybus var. intybus
60
Eupatorium cannabinum
50
Pastinaca sativa
Urtica dioica
40
Verbena officinalis
30
20
10
0
0 Weeks
3 Weeks
6 weeks
Fig 2. Examples of no/minor response
120
100
Germination %
80
Hypericum perforatum
60
Bryonia alba
Digitalis purpurea
40
20
0
0 Weeks
3 Weeks
6 Weeks
Fig 3. examples of negative impact
100
90
80
Germination %
70
60
Chenopodium album
50
Datura stramonium
40
30
20
10
0
0 Weeks
3 Weeks
6 Weeks
Fig 4. Examples of insufficient treatment
100
90
80
Germination %
70
60
Oenothera biennis
Oenothera glazioviana
50
Phytolacca americana
40
Saponaria officinalis
30
20
10
0
0 Weeks
3 Weeks
6 Weeks
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Other measures have to be taken
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Aegopodium podagraria
Aethusa cynapium
Anchusa officinalis
Ballota nigra
Chelidonium majus
Humulus lupulus
Hyoscyamus niger
Malva neglecta
Parietaria officinalis
Reseda luteola
Chelidonium majus, Gjøvik gård, 2011
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Further actions must be considered to develop reliable germination protocols for these species. It
may include chemical-, mechanical- or prolonged stratification-treatments or a combination of
these. A successful example with mechanical treatment that demonstrates this has been shown in
M. neglecta which in this trial had 0% germination; seeds chipped with a scalpel had 100%
germination in less than five days without any other treatment.
Genetic variation – within or between populations
Regeneration
• Isolation – pollination - contamination
• Number of plants
• Costs of regeneration
NGB9968 Allium schoenoprasum
Co-operation in conservation and use
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Local owners/users (in-situ)
Gene bank (ex-situ)
Botanical gardens
Museums
Cultural sciences
Authorities
Others
Melissa officinale
Lund, 2012