Transcript Title Here

Testing the Network from Headend to the
Home
Presented by David Dolnick
JDSU Sales Support Engineer
Agenda
• What tools are available for testing in the broadcast headend.
• Where is testing performed within the headend.
• Testing the HFC plant (Sweeping the Network).
• Testing signal quality from Tap to the Home.
• How to Find and Fix problems from Tap to TV.
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JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Bandwidth Demand is Growing Exponentially!
All Video on
Demand Unicast
per Subscriber
Megabits per Second
100
90
High Definition
Video on Demand
80
Video Blogs
70
Podcasting
60
Video on Demand
50
Video Mail
40
Online Gaming
30
Digital Photos
20
VoIP
10
E-mail
Digital Music
Web Browsing
Time
3
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JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
The HFC Pipe to the Home is Huge!
DOCSIS® 3.0
The BAD news is that ingress from one home
can potentially kill upstream services for
hundreds of your subscribers!!!
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JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Testing in the Headend
It is important to test the content and timing of digital services at various locations
Within the headend.
This includes off-air ATSC (8VSB), Satellite delivered signals (QPSK), Gigibit
Streams delivered via optical or copper connections, ASI streams within the
headend, and QAM RF modulated signals.
Even as we move to digital broadcasts, traditional cable providers will still be
Delivering a smaller analog package to support limited basic subscribers.
This requires the need for continued traditional RF testing to ensure
balanced levels and acceptable carrier to noise.
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Digital Video Testing Throughout the Network
DTS-330/RSAM5800/MVP
MPEG Probe
IP, SDH, ATM,
Satellite, DVBRCS and
Terrestrial
contribution
Analysis of the feeds and remultiplexingCable distribution
(DVB-C)
STB
(Set Top Box)
QAM
TS
(Transport Stream)
TS
Studio A
SDH
Re-multiplexing
Studio Z
IP
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Router/Gateway
CMTS
Electronic Program Guide (EPG)
Conditional Access keys
Service Information (SI)
Program Specific Information (PSI)
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL
& PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Synchronization
System management
Program management
Subscriber management
Testing in the Headend
Standalone Spectrum Analyzers have been the test instrument of choice for the last
50 years. They work well when working with traditional RF carriers along with Oscope’s
For testing Baseband signals.
As we transition to all digital broadcast services there are many more parameters
that must be verified to ensure reliable delivery of quality services.
These digital services must be verified at several stages within broadcast headend.
They include testing the content to make certain the program provider is meeting
MPEG spec. and that all required MPEG table information is intact.
In addition to checking service content we must make certain that there no timing
issues within the MPEG stream. Timing is the most common issue preventing
Reliable and consistent decoding
Timing affects the ability of the MPEG decoder (QAM or 8VSB) to properly read and
Reassemble the video frames.
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Testing in the Headend
Analog services require traditional testing to verify level and separation of
Video and Audio sub-carrier as well as measure CNR and SNR.
In addition other measurements such as coherent distortion measurements
Are required these include CSO, CTB, ICFR, and Hum.
The above measurements require a spectrum analyzer.
Other measurement such as baseband video and audio require an
Oscilloscope.
For measuring phase of color carrier to insure proper colors requires the
Use of a vectroscope I.e. VM-700
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Testing in the Headend
 As we enter a world of advance interactive services
we have to maintain quality return services.
 Maintaining clean returns that are free of noise and
ingress is a big concern as so many of our
advance services require an active return to
operate.
 These include VOD, IPPV, Data 3.0, Voice and
Interactive TV (ITV).
 These advance services make monitoring of each
return path a necessity for the modern day service
provider
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HFC Networks
 Combines fiber optics with coaxial distribution network
 Return path is more sensitive than the forward path
 Most of the ingress comes from home wiring on low value
taps
 Wide variety of aging hardware with many connectors
Today’s “HFC” networks must be optimized for both
forward and reverse performance
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Testing Returns in the Headend
Return Path Monitoring along with interactive handheld meters has long been the standard to help
System operators quickly access issues on the return and very quickly find where issues exist.
i.e. (Find and Fix)
Ingress?!?
NODE
!3
H
L
System Sweep Receiver Model 3SR
TILT SCANSWEEP
LEVEL
C/N HUMMODSPECT
FILE
AUTO
SETUP
.
help
1 abc
2 def
3 ghi FREQ
status
4 jkl5
mnopqr CHAN
6
alpha
vwxyz
9
ENTER
7 stu
8
x
light
space
FCN
0 +/- CLEAR
– Identify Ingress accurately on bad test point or node.
– Measurement speed; detects down to 1us burst
– Headend equipment detects, alarms, and logs all ingress
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Testing the HFC Plant
After the signals leave the headend they are distributed across the HFC plant
To make certain that are services remain intact we continue to test services
In both the downstream (forward services) and the upstream (reverse services)
We look at traditional metrics such as CNR and SNR for analog services
And for digital services we also measure MER and BER to determine
Signal quality.
These same measurements are made on return services that come back from
The subscribers STB (VOD and IPPV), Cable modem, and MTA.
Sweeping the HFC plant is the quickest way to determine any RF frequency
Response issues, as well as allowing for balance of the forward plant and
Setting unity gain of the reverse amplifiers.
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WHY SWEEP?
• Less manpower is needed
• Sweeping can reduce the number of service calls
Cracked hardline
found with SWEEP
Channel 12 video
problems
VoIP & Internet
not working
VOD not
working
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Sweep Verifies Construction Quality
Sweep can find craftsmanship or component
problems that aren’t revealed with other tests
• Damaged cable
• Poor connectorization
• Amplifier RF response throughout its frequency range
• Gain
• Slope
• Loose face plates, seizure screws, module hardware…….
All of these issues could lead to frequency
response problems and major ingress!
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A Sweep Finds Problems That Signal Level
Measurements Miss
Misalignment
Standing Waves
Roll off at band edges
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Testing/Sweeping the HFC Plant
Forward
Laser Shelf
Forward Sweep Response
50 MHz to 860 MHz.
SDA-5500
Reverse
Laser Shelf
SDA-5510
4
W
A
Y
23
17
Reverse Sweep Response
CMTS
IPPV
VOD
26
17
Subscriber
Dwelling
11
G
B
16
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JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Testing/Sweeping the HFC Plant
 Forward sweep and balance of the RF network is the
quickest way to determine deficiencies based upon
losses within the copper cable as well as determine
noise contribution caused by ingress coming from a
variety of sources, both electrical and RF.
 Reverse sweep and balance, setting unity gain and
Flatness of the reverse path allows the operator to
identify drop noise and balance the return amplifiers so
that they all have the same gain factor.
 Setting unity gain is important to allow all return
devices to transmit at similar RF levels.
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So how does Sweep work?
 The idea of forward sweep is to take a reference of
all the forward signals in the headend and compare
them to what is measured in the field.
 This means that when viewing forward sweep we
are seeing the difference between what was
referenced in the headend and what is being
measured in the field.
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Testing/Sweeping the HFC Plant
Forward
Laser Shelf
Forward Sweep Response
50 MHz to 860 MHz.
SDA-5500
Reverse
Laser Shelf
SDA-5510
23
17
4
W
A
Y
CMTS
IPPV
VOD
26
17
Subscriber
Dwelling
11
G
B
19
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Examples of Forward sweep
It is important to know which services are
digital as opposed to analog services
As digital services are carried between
4 and 6 dB below the analog services
So when digital QAM services are inserted
Within an analog tier they appear to be lower
In level than the adjacent carriers creating
What may appear to be a response issue.
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Often numerous digital QAM channels are
Bypassed when performing forward sweep
There has been a misconceptions that sweep
Places pulses within the active QAM channels
Creating problems with poor MER and BER.
Above you will see an absolutely linier response
Between two channels. This is because those
Services are not being swept.
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Balancing Amplifiers - Forward Sweep
Balancing amplifiers using tilt only
Headend
Lose Face Plate, or crack cable
shield
No Termination
D = 492*Vp/F
F
Node Reference Signal
21
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Sweep response
with a Resonant Frequency
Absorption
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Sweep response
with standing waves
Steps to Successful Forward Sweep
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Take a Tilt Measurement and make certain desired tilt level is set .
Change EQ value to insure tilt requirement is met.
Save this measurement into the meters memory, being certain to save
under the proper node or amplifier name.
Make a forward sweep measurement to view the actual response
making certain that there are no major response issues i.e. roll up, roll
off, suck outs, ingress.
Save raw sweep file to allow view of actual sweep display.
Next save the sweep file as a reference sweep file. This will create a
flat response which means that any response issues are considered
normal for that location.
This reference display will be used at the next active downstream so
that if both displays are identical then there is no need to perform any
other measurements such as tilt. The response will be the same as
the previous active.
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Steps to Successful Forward Sweep
Step 1. change EQ value to meet
Required tilt spec 7 to 8 dB at 500 MHz,
10 dB at 750 MHz., 12 dB at 860 MHz,
And 14 dB at 1GHz.
Step 2. checking the actual response
Making certain that we run from our
Low channel to our highest channel
Checking for frequency suck-outs and
Any ingress that may appear.
Save snapshot of tilt display
Save snapshot of sweep display
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Step 3. saving the sweep response
As a reference. Will auto normalize
The trace display creating a flat
Response. That will be used as a
comparison to next RF active.
Reverse Sweep Balance and Alignment
 In reverse sweep our goal is to balance the return
For flatness and adjust the return gain so that it is
the same at every housing (unity gain).
 Setting the reverse amplifiers at all locations to the
same gain allows all return devices to transmit at
the same relative RF level i.e. cable modems,
MTA’s, STB’s.
 You must take into account return band noise as
the CMTS will set CM’s transmit level to be 29 db
c/n or better, therefore high noise floor will cause
modems and MTA’s to transmit at high RF levels.
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Reverse Sweep Balance and Alignment
Overview
50 MHz to 860 MHz.
SDA-5500
Reverse
Laser Shelf
SDA-5510
VOD
5 MHz
Data
to
4
W
A
Y
23
17
Reverse Sweep Response
Voice
42 MHz
CMTS
IPPV
VOD
26
17
Subscriber
Dwelling
11
G
B
25
11
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Steps to Successful Reverse Sweep and Balance
• When performing reverse sweep it is important to know
the desired input level to the reverse chip set.
This transmit level is based upon manufacturers spec and
the design of the plant.
(Typically this will be between 17 and 21 db at the chip set).
• When we insert we try to adjust for “0 dB” telemetry
back at the headend. We will use this number to reference
our gain at each location. Typical window is -15 to +15 dBmV.
• We must create an accurate channel plan for the reverse
that does not interfere with active return services.
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Reverse Sweep
 The first step for a working reverse sweep is to
build a reverse channel plan in the headend unit
that does not interfere with active services.
 This channel plan will be used to tell the meter in
the field what frequencies to transmit back on the
return.
 It is important that a technician does not inject
carriers at the same frequencies as active services
or anyone using these services on that path will be
offline.
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Creating a Reverse Sweep Plan
VOD
5 MHz
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Data
to
Voice
42 MHz
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Balancing Amplifiers - Reverse Sweep
Inject correct “X” level into node test
point and then take a sweep reference
Telemetry level shown below return
sweep trace should read around 0 dBmV
if the SDA-5510 is padded properly
29
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At next amp reverse sweep displays
the effects of the network segment
between the last amp and this one
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Optimize the HFC Pipe for Unity Gain
Maintain unity gain with constant inputs
X dBmV
X dBmV
X dBmV
X dBmV
X dBmV
X dBmV
Telemetry = 0 dBmV
Set TP Loss as required
Use the DSAM Field View Option
to inject a CW test signal into various
test points and view remote spectrum
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HFC Network Impairments – Frequency Response
 Typical connector problems that may result in
frequency response issues like suck-outs or roll off
Correct pin length,
Properly tightened
Pin length too short
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HFC Network Impairments – Frequency Response
Pin length too long
 This may also hamper the “seating” of the RF
module
Overtightened seizure screw
Damaged pin
32
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Center Pin/Seizure Screws
Pin tightened before turning
connector into housing
May result in a broken or
twisted pin inside the
connector
• A more typical result is the pin gets pushed back into
the connector instead of pushing past the seizure screw
• Happens a lot to housing terminators
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“Back to the Basics” Troubleshooting
 Majority of problems are basic physical layer issues
 Do a visual inspection of cable, connectors and
passives and replace as needed
 Check for proper grounding
 Tighten F-connectors per your company’s installation
policy
– Be very careful not to over tighten connectors on CPE (TVs,
VCRs, converters etc.) and crack or damage input RFI integrity
 Check forward and return RF levels, analog and digital
 Check for reverse ingress coming from home
 Most of the test strategy remains the same – divide and
conquer technique
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JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Back to the Basics
 Majority of problems are basic physical layer
issues
 Most of the tests remain the same
 Check AC power
 Check forward levels, analog and digital
 Sweep forward & reverse
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JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Back to the Basics
 Check for leakage sources
 Check for ingress sources
 Do a visual inspection of cable / connectors / passives
 Replace questionable cable / connectors / passives
 Tighten F-connectors per your company’s installation policy
– Be very careful not to over tighten connectors on CPE
(TVs, VCRs, converters etc.) and crack or damage input
RFI integrity
36
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Typical Problem Areas
low value taps
low value taps
 Taps
– Most ingress comes from houses off of with low value taps
of approximately 17 dB or less
 Home Wiring
– Drop Cable, splitters & F Connectors are approximately
~95% of Problem
 Amplifiers, hard line cable and the rest of the
system are a small percentage of the problem if a
proper leakage maintenance program is performed
37
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Tracking Down Ingress
View local spectrum on each return path
test point of node to determine which leg
has the source of ingress
NODE
Use divide and conquer technique to
identify and repair source of ingress
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Common problems typically identified in
outside plant
 Kinked or damaged cable (including cracked cable, which
causes a reflection and ingress).
 Defective or damaged actives or passives (water-damaged,
water-filled, cold solder joint, corrosion, loose circuit-board
screws, etc.).
 Cable-ready TVs and VCRs connected directly to the drop.
(Return loss on most cable-ready devices is poor.)
 Some traps and filters have been found to have poor return loss
in the upstream, especially those used for data-only service.
39
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Common problems typically identified in
outside plant
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There are Many Possible Sources of Interference
Electrical Devices
Off-Air Broadcast
•AM Radio Station
•FM Radio Station
•TV Station
•Two-way Radio Transmitters
•Citizens Band (CB)
•Amateur (Ham)
•Taxi
•Police
•Business
•Airport/Aircraft
•Paging Transmitters
FEDERAL
COMMUNICATIONS
COMMISSION
41
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•Doorbell transformers
•Toaster Ovens
•Electric Blankets
•Ultrasonic pest controls (bug zappers)
•Fans
•Refrigerators
•Heating pads
•Light dimmers
•Touch controlled lamps
•Fluorescent lights
•Aquarium or waterbed heaters
•Furnace controls
•Computers and video games
•Neon signs
•Power company electrical equipment
•Alarm systems
•Electric fences
•Loose fuses
•Sewing machines
•Hair dryers
•Electric toys
•Calculators
•Cash registers
•Lightning arresters
•Electric drills, saws, grinders, and other power tools
•Air conditioners
•TV/radio booster amplifiers
•TV sets
•Automobile ignition noise
•Sun lamps
•Smoke detectors
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
Common problems typically identified in
outside plant
 Damaged or missing end-of-line terminators
 Damaged or missing chassis terminators on directional coupler,
splitter or multiple-output amplifier unused ports
 Loose tap faceplates and loose center conductor seizure screws
 Unused tap ports not terminated. This is especially critical on
lower value taps
 Unused drop passive ports not terminated
 Use of so-called self-terminating taps (4 dB two port; 8 dB four
port and 10/11 dB eight port) at feeder ends-of-line. Such taps
are splitters, and do not terminate the line unless all F ports are
properly terminated
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Intermittent Connections
 Poor craftsmanship on connectors
 Loose center seizure screws & fiber connectors
 Radial cracks in hard-line coaxial cable
 Cold solder joints
 Bad accessories
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Qualifying the Subscriber Drop and Residence
 Many tools exist for qualifying both the subscriber
drop and in-house wiring.
 A quick test of service quality across a fair number of
channels both analog and digital can reveal issues
within the home such as poor craftsmanship.
 Poor connectorization spun-out F81 connectors in
wall plates bad passive devices (splitters and GB’s),
bad spans of cable, exposed sheath. Can all be
causes of ingress that can affect a subscribers quality
of service, by creating poor C/N, MER, BER’s.
44
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Effect of Noise on Analog Systems
(Gradually poorer C/N)
Broadcast Quality
45
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Required FCC Spec
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Incorrect Analog Levels
 Low analog video
level produces
noise in the picture
 High analog video
level produces
distortion in the
picture
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Low QAM Digital levels
 Low QAM average power
level causes digital
signal to degrade
 This causes tiling and
intermittent or complete
loss of high speed
Internet access
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Home Certification Testing
 Testing a variety of analog and digital services,
including parameters such C/N, MER and BER.,
can reveal service quality or poor in-house wiring
issues.
 Additionally testing of DOCSIS channel can tell us
if we can support data and voice services at the
subscribers residence on the drop tested.
48
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Home Certification Testing
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Home Certification Testing
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Testing the Home for Ingress Contribution
7 dB TAP
Return
Equalizer
Drop Cable
Disconnect drop from tap
and check for ingress
House
coming from customer’s
home wiring
OLDER TV SET
WIRELESS LAPTOP
DIGITAL SET-TOP
If ingress is detected,
scan spectrum at ground
block for ingress
COMPUTOR
GROUND
BLOCK
2-Way
Amplifier
VoIP
High Pass
Filter
ETHERNET
3-Way
Splitter
eMTA-CABLE MODEM
INGRESS SPECTRUM MEASUREMENTS
51
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ONLINE GAMING
Looking For Forward Ingress in the Subscribers Home
TAP
TAP
TAP
4
W
A
y
G
B
DSAM
52
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Ingress Free
TV
TV
TV
CM/PC
DSAM
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Ingress at 101.7 MHz
Looking For Upstream Ingress from the Subscribers Home
TAP
TAP
TAP
4
W
A
y
G
B
DSAM
53
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Ingress Free
TV
TV
TV
CM/PC
DSAM
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Ingress at 7.25 MHz
How do determine where I need to go to fix problems?
TAP
TAP
TAP
4
W
A
y
G
B
DSAM
54
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TV
TV
TV
CM/PC
DSAM
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
How do determine where I need to go to fix problems?
TAP
TAP
TAP
4
W
A
y
G
B
DSAM
55
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TV
TV
TV
CM/PC
DSAM
JDSU CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
See Digital in a Whole New Light!
See digital in a whole new light!
Questions?
Thank you for your time!
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