Transcript Electronic Warfare Counter

Electronic Warfare
and Counter-Measures
What is Electronic Warfare?
Electronic Warfare (EW)
 Element of Command & Control Warfare (C2W)
 Command and Control Warfare (C2W) includes
integrated use of:
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Operational Security (OPSEC)
Military Deception
Psychological Operations (PSYOPS)
Physical Destruction
Electronic Warfare (EW)
Importance of EW
• Increased reliance on radar and OTH
targeting
• Increased use of Communications and
Tactical Data Systems (TDS)
• Increased capabilities of missile &
weapons system
– Requires high-speed detection and tracking
• Active/Passive homing long-range missile
give little warning
Three Components of EW
• Electronic Support (ES) *ESM
• Electronic Attack (EA) *ECM
• Electronic Protection (EP)
*ECCM
Electronic Support (ES)
• Passive surveillance of the EM spectrum to
detect the enemy’s position, strength, and
intention, and warning of targets
-Detection
-Tracking
-Recognition
-Targeting
-Warning
-Destruction
-Avoidance
Passive EW (ES)
• ELINT – Electronic Intelligence
– Foreign non-communications elecromagnetic
information
• COMINT – Communications Intelligence
– Foreign communications transmissions
intercepted by other than the intended
recipients
• Advantages and Limitations
ES Receiver Design
Requirements
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Wide spectrum surveillance
Wide dynamic range
Unwanted signal rejection
Angle-of-Arrival measurement
Signal Analysis capability
Real-Time Display
Recording System
Electronic Attack (EA)
• Preventing or reducing the enemy’s use of
the EM spectrum (capabilities) and
promoting uncertainty
• “Black boxes” that jam or deceive the
enemy
• Radar or communications “jamming”
Electronic Attack (EA)
• Use of active and passive energy to “attack “
– Personnel
– Facilities
– Equipment
• Four Classes of EA
– Jamming
– Modifiers
– Radar-absorbing materials (RAM)
– Physical Destruction
Non-Destructive EA
• Denial: overload opposition’s receiver to
deny its use by the enemy
• Jamming
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Noise
Spot
Barrage
Sweep
• Chaff
• Flares
Noise Jamming
Definition:
Noise jamming is the deliberate
radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of
electromagnetic energy with the
purpose of impairing the use of
electronic devices, equipment, or
systems being used by the enemy.
Effective Jamming
PW
Rcvd
Signal
Amp.
Ineffective
Jamming
PRT
time
Jamming
TGT Freq
True Noise
Ideal Jammer
Actual Spot
Jammer
Non-Destructive EA (cont.)
• Deception: Create false image or
change image’s characteristics on a radar
display. Misleads or “spoofs”
– Repeaters: delay received radar signal and
retransmitting at a slightly later time
– Transponders: Create false signal by playing back a
stored replica of the radar signal
– Chaff - disguise
– Radar Decoys
– Blip Enhancers
– Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification
Decoys
Velocity Gate Pull Off
(VGPO)
Target Return
Velocity Gate
Gate Pull-Off
Confusion/Deception
Chaff Corridor
Flares (active)
Chaff False Targets
Multiple False Targets
Real Target
Strobes
Cover Pulse Jamming
“Reactive Jamming”
X
EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!
Passive Detection
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Radar
2.
IFF
3.
TACAN
4.
Jamming
Destructive EA
• Anti-Radiation Missiles
–SLAM
–HARM
–Sidewinder
• Directed Energy
SLAM ER
• Stand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response
https://wrc.navair-rdte.navy.mil/warfighter_enc/weapons/airlanch/slamer/slamer.htm
HARM
• High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile
HARM
Results
Portable Serbian Radar
AIM-9 Sidewinder
Electronic Protection (EP)
Definition:
EP is the division of electronic warfare
involving actions taken to protect
personnel, facilities and equipment from
any effects of friendly or enemy
employment of electronic warfare that
degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly
combat capability.
Electronic Protection (EP)
• Protection of friendly combat
capability against undesirable effect of
friendly or enemy employed EW
• Types
– Passive EW
– Active EW
Electronic Protection (EP)
• Three ways to defend from enemy EW
– Modify radar
• Make it more complex
• Make it harder to jam
– Modify the Medium
• Chaff
• Torch
– Modify the platform
EP: Radar Design
Power
Frequency
PRF
PW
Pulse Shape
Antenna Design
Scan Pattern
EP Factors
Burnthrough: Increase signal strength to
overpower jammer noise (ECCM)
Emission Control (EMCON)
Alpha
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Operator Recognition Training
EP Factors (Cont.)
• Frequency Agility
Slider
Stepper
FREQ
TIME
Random
U.S. Shipboard EW
Capabilities
• SLQ-32 “Sidekick”
– On all combatants
– Radar warning, detection and jamming
– Uses internal library to auto detect/categorize
• Infrared Flares
– On all combatants
• Chaff
– On all combatants
U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities
• SSQ-108 “Outboard” – On some DDG, CG, LHA, LHD
– Any ship with SSES
– Real-time OTH passive detection, localization, and
targeting
• SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy
– On Arleigh Burke class
• Rubber Duck
– Looks like a life boat container
U.S. Airborne EW Capabilities
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ALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B Prowler
ALQ-162 - EA jamming system on F-14 & F/A 18
ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 Seahawk
ALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18
ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 Viking
ALR-68 - ES detection system on P-3C Orion
ALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye
Chaff
- On SH-60 Seahawk
ALQ-99
• Detection, Identification, tracking
• Communication, Data Link, and radar
jamming
• Deception: mimics radar signals
• EA-6B Prowler
ALQ-162
• Radar Jamming
• F/A-18 Hornet
• Automatic radar jamming against surfaceto-air and airborne intercept missiles that
use continuous wave (CW) radars
ALQ-142
• Electronic Support System
• SH- 60 Seahawk
• Real time Identification and bearing of
surveillance radars
Jamming Effectiveness
• Match the victim radar’s RF
• Be continuous
• Have sufficient power
Methods to Defeat Direct
Threat Jamming
• Frequency Techniques
– RF Change
– RF Diversity
– RF Agility
– Diplexing
• Variable PRF
Questions?