Transcript Cities and Urban Land Use: Why the City?

Cities Throughout History
Ancient Cities : Walled, Temples and Palaces in Middle,
settlements surrounding. Graves outside the cities, well
planned, narrow passages
City States: Trade oriented, diffused along the
Mediterranean
Roman Cities: Connected by roads
Medieval Cities: Walled cities in Europe, supported by
surplus from rural areas
Modern World Cities
 Headquarters of Major Banks and other financial
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institutions
Higher % of affluent
Clustering of major corporations
Disproportionately high # of fine dining, plays,
opera, pro. sports teams, clubs, bars, etc.
Headquarters for trade organizations, professional
organizations, multinational organizations
Hierarchy of Cities
Why Downtown?
 CBD
 Accessibility…
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High land costs
Underground …
Peak Value Intersection
 Skyscrapers
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Vertical Geography
 Clustering (agllomeration)
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Financial analysts near brokerage firms; lawyers
 Traditionally High Threshold businesses…
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Ex: Goldsmiths, Bry’s, Sears, Wollworth
 Traditionally High Range businesses…
Downtown Today
 What other businesses are located downtown?
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Financial, government, legal…
Lunch…
New downtown malls…
Ban motor vehicles…
Entertainment Districts…
Sports
 Downtown living has declined…
 Manufacturing decline has led to…
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Empty nesters and “yuppies”
Land Costs in CBD
 Most high in world cities…
 Ex: Tokyo business men – hotels
Intensive Land Use
 Space is used below and…
Skyscrapers
 Sense of place…
 Rent differs…
 Dominates skylines worldwide
Europe
 Narrow streets and lowrise…
 Parks in the center…
 Limitations on cars and…
 Preservation of historic CBD
Why the Suburbs?
Historic emphasis on neighborhoods and downtown has
been replaced by suburbanization
 After WWII the transportation changed
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Prosperity
Leisure to…
Streetcars…
Enabled people and business…
 Retailers and people went where land was abundant and
cheaper
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Neighborhood grocers have been replaced by…
Downtown shopping has been replaced by…
Factories abandoned 2-4 story CBD sites for large…
Technology encouraged service businesses…
Geography of nowhere???
Where Have Cities Grown?
Urbanization
50
% of People Living in Cities Worldwide
45
40
35
%
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Physical Definitions of a City
City
 Self-Governing unit
Urbanized Area
 Density is greater than 1000/sq. mile
 70% of US (30 city, 40 surrounding areas)
Metropolitan Statistical Area
 Pop. Of at least 50,000
 The county within which the city is located
 Adjacent Counties w/high pop. And large% of residents working in the
county the city is in
Micropolitan Statistical Area
 Urbanized area between 10,000 and 50,000 (Considered Rural)
Overlapping Metropolitan Areas (Conurbation)
 Megalopolis, (Boswash, Tokaido, Jakota Triangle)
Where Are People Distributed
Within Cities? Models of Urban
Structure
Concentric Zone Model
Sociologist E.W. Burgess
Sector Model
Economist Homer Hoyt
Multiple Nuclei Model
Geographers Harris and Ullman
European Cities
Less Developed Cities
 Precolonial Cities
 Colonial Cities
 Cities Since Independence
Latin American Model
Geographers Griffin and
Ford
http://aphg.northgwinnett.com/aphg/review-guides-aphg-1
http://aphg.northgwinnett.com/aphg/review-guides-aphg-1
Squatter Settlements
 Barrios – Mexico, Central America
 Barriadas – (Spanish) South America
 Favelas – Brazil (Portuguese)
 Bidonvilles – North Africa
 Bustees – India
 Gecekondu – Turkey
 Kampongs – Malaysia
 Barong-Barong – Phillipines
Inner-City Economic Problems
 Loss of Tax Revenue Do to Suburbanization
 Funding Gap
 Federal Tax Cuts
 Annexation of Peripheral Land
 Prohibition Challenges
 Too much annexation???
Chicago, IL
Inner City Physical Problems
 Deterioration
 Filtering
 Redlining
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Carter to Fanie Mae
 Urban Renewel
 Public Housing
Gov. Subsidies
 Cluster vs. “Scatter-site”
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Renovated Housing
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Gentrification
Inner City Social Problems
 Underclass
 High rates of…
 Lack of Job Skills
 Homelessness
 Poverty Cycle
 Family Decay
 Crime
 Ethnic and Racial Segregation
Suburban Sprawl and Smart
Growth
Suburban Challenges
 Costs to the inner core
 Roads and utilities must be extended
 Aesthetic loss (parking lots, Geog. Of Nowhere)
 Loss of Agricultural land
 Suburban Segregation
 Zoning ordinances
 Income segregation
 Reliance on Personal transportation
 Rush hour commuting
Peripheral Model
Cleveland, Ohio
New Urbanism and Smart Growth
Purpose:
 Limit Sprawl
 Reduce Traffic
Congestion
 Reverse Inner-City
Decline
 Compact and Contiguous
Development
 Protection of Rural farm,
Recreation, and Wildlife
areas