Transcript NFPA - University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Fire Protection
Presented by
Jason Bible, MBA, MSM, ARM, CHMM, CSP
Program Manager, Occupational Safety and
Fire Prevention
Today’s Topics…..
National Fire
Protection
Association
International Building
Code by ICC
February 24, 2003
462 in attendance
100 lost their lives
The fire was caused by pyrotechnics
Great White was performing
The Station Fire, Rhode Island, 2003
Video: http://youtu.be/SIetpe_KAJU
Notable Fires
Boston 1942, Cocoanut Grove Night Club
• 492 people dead
In 1946….
LaSalle Hotel in Chicago
• 61 dead
Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta
• 119 dead http://youtu.be/ujWXIrhyeVw?t=17s
• A Christmas tree- http://youtu.be/hMtjGfr0tYs
• Living room fire- http://youtu.be/QqMVm72FMRk?t=1m28s
• Iroquois fire Chicago http://youtu.be/uD0L2ZjD3Cw
• MGM Hotel http://youtu.be/0vofS-u_gKE?t=6m, Part 2
http://youtu.be/EraeoJJMH0I
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
What is in Code
• Chapter 1-3 (key information, definitions)
• Chapters 4-6 (occupancy definition)
• Chapters 7-10 (means of egress, fire
protection, interior finish )
• Chapters 11- 42 (assembly, educational,
business)
• Chapter 43 Building Rehabilitation
• Annex and Index
Means of Egress.
• Important numbers to remember 7’6” or 6’8”
with ceiling projections, 32” door opening,
• Kept egress clear at all times.
• Exits
• Stairs
Fire Protection
•Fire barriers
•Smoke barriers
•Rated fire doors
•Automatic Sprinklers NFPA 13, 13D, 13R
Occupancy Definitions
• See chapter 6 for the definition of the all the
different occupancies.
• Table 6.1.14.4.1(a/b)- separation of
occupancies.
Types of Occupancies
• Assembly- theaters, auditoriums, stadiums
• Educational- high schools, classroom(varies)
• Health Care- nursing homes, hospitals
• Business, Storage, Mercantile,
Assembly
Educational
An occupancy used for educational purposes through the twelfth grade by six or more
persons for 4 or more hours per day or more than 12 hours per week.
Health Care
Business
• An occupancy used for the transaction of
business other than mercantile.
Storage
• An occupancy used primarily for the storage
or sheltering of goods, merchandise, products,
or vehicles.
Mercantile
An occupancy used for the display and sale of
merchandise.
THE MALL!
Highlights
• The purpose of the Life Safety Code is to establish
minimum requirements that will provide a reasonable
degree of safety from fire and similar emergencies in
buildings and structures.
• To apply the Code effectively, one must understand the
legal authority of the Code in various jurisdictions; be
familiar with the layout and content of the Code;
• understand how to navigate through the Code; and
have a thorough understanding of how proper
application of the Code can minimize the effects of a
devastating fire or other emergency.
IBC
What is the IBC
• First published in 2000 by international Code
Council
• Complies regulation from BOCA (Building Officials
and Code Administrators International), Uniform
Building Code-ICBO (International Conference of
Building Officials), and SBCCI (Southern Building
Code Congress International)
• Updated every 3 years
• 35 chapters, 10 appendixes, and an Index
Occupancy Types
• Chapter 3
• A,B,E,F,H,I, M,R,S, U
• Some occupancies have numbers attached
– A-3: assemblies for worship, recreation
The number reflects the degree for which the area is
being used.
2006 IBC
“CORE” CHAPTERS
16 – STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
17 – STRUCTURAL TESTS AND SPECIAL INSPECTIONS
18 – SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS
19 – CONCRETE
20 – ALUMINUM
21 – MASONRY
22 – STEEL
23 – WOOD
24 – GLASS AND GLAZING
25 – GYPSUM BOARD LATH AND PLASTER
21
Chapters 1- 10
• Set up like NFPA 101
– Means of egress, fire protection, interior finish,
rated construction
– Chapters are more in depth
SUMMARY
• NFPA 101 and IBC
• There is no national or worldwide building code.
• Both codes reference one another
• Federal Government requires NFPA for hospitals
participation in Medicare and Medicaid programs
• State agency along with municipalities may use IBC but
want to use NFPA for egress.
• IBC geared toward construction and life safety
• NFPA 101 is more for life safety in different occupancies
NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection
for Laboratories using Chemicals
Applicability of NFPA 45
NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure A.1.3
Laboratory
A Laboratory?
A workplace where chemicals are used or synthesized on a
non-production basis.
Laboratory Work Area
A room or space for testing, analysis, research, instruction, or
similar activities that involve the use of chemicals.
Laboratory Unit
An enclosed space used for experiments or tests. May include
one or more laboratory work areas.
Laboratory Building
A structure consisting wholly or principally of one or more
laboratory units.
Laboratory Units
NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(a)
Laboratory Units
NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(b)
NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(c)
Laboratory Units
NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(d)
NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure D.2.4(e)
Objective of NFPA 45
• Limit injury to:
– Occupants at the point of fire origin
– Emergency response personnel
• Limit property loss to a single laboratory unit
Laboratory Unit
Fire Hazard Classification
•
•
•
•
Class A Unit = High Fire Hazard
Class B Unit = Moderate Fire Hazard
Class C Unit = Low Fire Hazard
Class D Unit = Minimal Fire Hazard
Laboratory Unit Classification
• Based on the quantity of:
– Flammable liquids
– Combustible liquids
– Flammable gases
• Includes quantities in storage and use
Laboratory Unit Classification
• Liquefied flammable gases = Class I flammable
liquids
• How to classify hazardous materials?
• CD ROM database:
– Hazardous Materials Expert Assistant
– www.iccsafe.org
• Ask users to inventory existing materials
• Look at worst-case user – types and quantity
Laboratory Unit Classification
Includes quantities in storage cabinets or safety cans
Lab Unit
Classification
Maximum Quantity
Class I Liquids
per Lab Unit (gal)
Maximum Quantity
Class I, II, IIIA Liquids
per Lab Unit (gal)
A
20 gal/100 ft2
1,200 (max)
40 gal/100 ft2
1600 max
B
10 gal/100 ft2
600 max
20 gal/100 ft2
800 max
C
4 gal/100 ft2
300 max
8 gal/100 ft2
400 max
D
2 gal/100 ft2
150 max
2 gal/100 ft2
150 max
Laboratory Unit Classification
Lab Unit
Classification
NFPA 101
Occupancy
Classification
Area Limit per Lab
Unit
(ft2)
Vertical Fire
Separation
(hours)
A
Industrial
10,000
2
90-min openings
B
Industrial
10,000
1
45-min openings
C
Industrial
No Limit
Not
Required
D
Business
No Limit
Not
Required
Laboratory Unit Classification
• No limit on number of lab units per floor
• No reduction of allowable quantities based on
vertical location
• Supporting construction must carry
corresponding fire rating
• Difficult to do Class A/B lab units in multi-story
Type IIB building!
Fire Protection
• Automatic sprinkler system required in all new labs
• Sprinkler Density:
– Ordinary Hazard Group 2 – A/B lab units
– Ordinary Hazard Group 1 – C/D lab units
• Portable Fire Extinguishers
– Class A Units = Extra (high) Hazard
– Class B, C, D Units = Ordinary (moderate) Hazard
• Standpipes
– Lab buildings 2 or more stories above or below grade
Fire Protection
• Fire Alarm System
– Class A and B Units – manual system required
– Must alert local emergency responders or public
fire department
• Fire Prevention Procedures
– Chemical handling and storage
– Hot work permits
– Portable electric cords
– Smoking areas
Fire Protection
• Laboratory Emergency Plans
– Alarm activation
– Evacuation and building re-entry
– Equipment shut down
– Fire fighting operations
– Non-fire hazards that threaten emergency
operations
Explosion Hazards
• Storage or formation of materials with an
instability hazard rating of 4
• Highly exothermic reactions
– Polymerization, oxidations, hydrogenation, etc.
• High pressure reactions
• Explosion hazards as determined by a
qualified person
Explosion Protection
•
•
•
•
•
•
Limit amounts of flammable or reactive chemicals
Fire detection interlocked with deluge sprinklers
Local fume hood suppression
Explosion suppression
Explosion resistant construction
Explosion venting
Laboratory Ventilation
• Dedicated exhaust required for each lab unit – to
exterior, or rated shaft, or to mechanical penthouse
• Fire dampers not permitted in lab exhaust duct
systems
– Potential alternatives:
• Enclose exhaust for 10 feet either side of rated
penetration
• Use sub-ducts per NFPA 45: A.8.10.3.1
– Dedicated exhaust duct risers
– 22-inch sub-ducts with continuous upward air movement
Laboratory Ventilation
• Negative pressure vs. corridors and non-lab
area
• Ducts
– Non-combustible materials
– Combustible material with Flame Spread ≤ 25
• Fans
– Conveying corrosive, flammable or combustible
vapors
• Flame Spread ≤ 25
• Non-ferrous or spark-resistant
Laboratory Ventilation
• Hood interiors
– Flame Spread ≤ 25 by NFPA 255
– Sprinklered for special cases
• Flame spread > 25
• Hazard analysis
• Airflow measuring device at each hood
Gas Storage and Use
• Ventilated hood required for lecture bottles:
– Health hazard 3 or 4
– Health hazard 2 with no physiological warning properties
– Pyrophoric gases
• Gas cabinet and NFPA 55 compliance required for
cylinders:
– Health hazard 3 or 4
– Health hazard 2 with no warning properties
• Sprinklered gas cabinet required for pyrophoric gas
cylinders
Gas
Storage
and
Use
Gas quantity limits for areas <
500ft2:
–
–
–
–
Gas quantity limits for areas >500ft2:
ft3
Flammable – 6.0
Oxidizing – 6.0 ft3
Liquefied flammable – 1.2 ft3
Health hazard 3 or 4 – 0.3 ft3
– Flammable – 0.012 ft3 per ft2
– Oxidizing – 0.012 ft3 per ft2
– Liquefied flammable – 0.0018
ft3 per ft2
– Health hazard 3 or 4 – 0.0006
ft3 per ft2
Gas Storage and Use
• Cylinders not “in use” shall not be stored in
a laboratory unit.
• Number of lecture bottles – 25 maximum
• Outdoor storage
– No toxic or flammable gas cylinders:
• Within 6 feet of windows, doors, other openings
• Within 30 feet of ventilation intakes
Summary
• NFPA 45
•
•
•
•
Laboratory safety
Fire hazard classification
Fire protection
Gas and chemical storage
NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire
Extinguishers
Fire Extinguishers
Fire Extinguisher Training Requirements.
29 CFR 1910.157(g)
Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers for employee
use in the workplace, the employer shall also provide an educational
program to familiarize employees with:
• the general principles of fire extinguisher use and
• the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting
• upon initial employment and
• at least annually thereafter.
Additional references: AR 420-90, TB 5-4200-200-10, NFPA 10
Fire Extinguishers
•
•
•
•
•
TYPES OF FIRE
Class A - Combustible material
Class B - Flammable liquid
Class C - Electrical
Class D - Combustible metals (not as well
known)
• Class K- Kitchen
Fire Extinguisher Labeling
Fire Extinguishers
• Extinguisher types
• The fire equipment manufacturers refer to three
basic types of hand portable fire extinguishers:
• 1. Stored pressure
• 2. Cartridge operated
• 3. Sealed pressure
Fire Extinguishers
• The difference lies mainly in the sealing method and
the means by which the container is pressurized
Fire Extinguishers
• Classified as either stored pressure or cartridge
operated, they are additionally classified by
Underwriters Laboratory (UL) as:
• ABC - (Ammonium Phosphate).
• BC - (Sodium Bicarbonate; Purple K). or
• D
- (Super D or Sodium Chloride), Copper, or
G-Plus (Graphite).
Fire Extinguishers
• Stored pressure
In stored pressure models the
expellant gas and extinguishing
agent are stored in a single
chamber and discharge is directly
controlled by the valve
Fire Extinguishers
• Stored pressure
These units have the
advantage of being easily
inspected since most are
equipped with a pressure
gauge indicating that the
unit is ready for use.
Fire Extinguishers
• Stored pressure
Once used this unit
requires special
recharging equipment and
is normally returned to
the fire department for
recharge
Fire Extinguishers
• Cartridge operated
With cartridge operated fire
extinguishers, the expellant
gas is stored in a separate
cartridge located within or
adjacent to the shell
containing the
extinguishing agent
Fire Extinguishers
Sealed pressure
Sealed pressure fire
extinguishers are much the
same as stored pressure units
and are often referred to as
disposable-non refillable
types
Fire Extinguishers
Sealed pressure cont.
The expellant gas and
extinguishing agent are both
stored in a single chamber,
but differ from stored
pressure units in that sealing
is accomplished by means of
a frangible metal disc as
opposed to a valve
Fire Extinguishers
Wheeled Units
Wheeled units are also
considered portable
extinguishers and are
nitrogen cylinder operated
dry chemical units. They are
available in sizes ranging
from 75 pounds to 350
pounds. They can be used on
Class A, B and C fires
depending on the agent used.
Fire Extinguishers
Portable fire extinguishers must be visually inspected
monthly. The inspection should assure that:
1. Fire extinguishers are in their assigned place;
2. Fire extinguishers are not blocked or hidden;
3. Fire extinguishers are mounted in accordance with NFPA
Standard No. 10 (Portable Fire Extinguisher);
4. Pressure gauges show adequate pressure (CO2 extinguisher
must be weighted to determine if leakage has occurred);
5. Pin and seals are in place;
6. Fire extinguishers show no visual sign of damage or abuse;
7. Nozzles are free of blockage.
Fire Extinguishers
Extinguisher Placement (Travel Distance)
The following chart contains OSHA requirements for classes of fires and
travel distance to an extinguisher.
Some local requirements may be stricter, so you should always
check with your local fire marshal / fire prevention office.
• Fire Class
•
•
•
•
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Travel Distance
*75 ft. (22.9m) or less
50 ft. (15.2m)
Based on appropriate A or B Hazard Class.
75 ft
Fire Extinguishers: Pass Method
•
•
•
•
“P” for PULL
“A” for AIM
"S“ for SQUEEZE
“S” for SWEEP
Fire Extinguishers
Remember……….
The average hand portable extinguisher will
only operate for 30 seconds ----- There is NO
TIME to learn during an actual emergency.
Fire Extinguishers
• IN CASE OF FIRE
• Evacuate the building
• Call the fire department
• Make sure the fire is small
• Make sure you have a clear way out
SUMMARY
• NFPA10
• PASS method
• Fire classifications
• Types of fire extinguishers