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An animal cell
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Flagellum
Not in most
plant cells
Lysosome
Ribosomes
Centriole
Peroxisome
Microtubule
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate
filament
Microfilament
Golgi
apparatus
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
A plant cell
Nucleus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Not in
animal
cells
Microtubule
Central
vacuole
Intermediate
filament
Chloroplast
Microfilament
Cell wall
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton
• Location: Plant – side of cell; Animal
– Middle of Cell
• Appearance: Bowl of spaghetti
• Nickname: Control Center
• Function: Initiates and controls all
activity in cell
• Surrounded by double
membrane – nuclear
envelope
• Contains chromatin
and nucleolus
The nucleus and rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Chromatin
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Two membranes
of nuclear
envelope
Pore
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
• Location: In nucleus
• Appearance: Spaghetti; long
thin strands
• Nickname: • Function: Genetic material of
cell (Chromosomes and DNA)
• Location: In the nucleus; is condensed
chromatin
• Appearance: Darkened spot; meatball
• Nickname: • Function: Makes ribosomes
• May have more than one in nucleus
• Location: Throughout the cell; found
outside of the nucleus
– Plant cell - does not fill completely
• Appearance: Jello, gel like
• Nickname: • Function: Surrounds organelles;
chemical reactions occur
• Composition:
–70% water
–30% proteins, fats,
carbohydrates, and
nucleic acids
• Found inside of the cell
• Any part of the cell that
has its own structure and
function
• Carries out life processes
• Location: Found floating
around cell or attached to ER
• Appearance: Dots
• Nickname: Assembly workers
• Function: Makes protein
Most common organelle
in a cell
Only organelle in
prokaryote
• Location: Outside of nuclear envelope
• Appearance: Series of folded
membranes
• Nickname:ER; Transportation system of
cell
• Function: Connects organelles,
important role in biosynthesis reactions
•Rough ER – make more
membrane, modify proteins
•Smooth ER – synthesis of
lipids, break down harmful
substances, storage of
calcium ions
The nucleus and rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Chromatin
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Two membranes
of nuclear
envelope
Pore
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
Smooth and rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosomes
Rough ER
TEM 45,000
Smooth ER
Synthesis and packaging of a
secretory protein by the rough ER
Transport vesicle
buds off
4
Ribosome
Secretory
(glyco-) protein
inside transport vesicle
3
Sugar
chain
1
2
Glycoprotein
Polypeptide
Rough ER
Connections among the organelles of
the endomembrane system
Rough ER
Transport vesicle
from ER to Golgi
Transport vesicle from
Golgi to plasma membrane
Plasma
membrane
Nucleus
Vacuole
Lysosome
Smooth ER
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
• Location: Above nucleus
• Appearance: Flattened curved sac
• Nickname: Packaging and
Shipping Department
• Function: Finishes making a protein;
modifies, sorts, and packages protein
for secretion
The Golgi apparatus
“Receiving” side of
Golgi apparatus
Golgi
apparatus
Golgi apparatus
New vesicle
forming
“Shipping” side
of Golgi apparatus
Transport
vesicle from
the Golgi
TEM 130,000
Transport
vesicle
from ER
• Location: Throughout the cell
• Appearance: Lima Beans
• Nickname: Power House of Cell
• Function: Supplies energy;
organic molecules are broken
down here to release energy
• Contains small
amounts of DNA and
RNA
• Surrounded by a
double membrane
• The more energy the cell
needs, the more
mitochondria the cell will
have
The mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
Cristae
Matrix
TEM 44,880
Intermembrane
space
• Location: In a plant cell and algae
• Appearance: Varies
• Nickname: Carbohydrate producer
• Function: Produces carbohydrate
• Chloroplasts
• Carotene
• Chromoplasts
• Leucoplasts
The chloroplast
Chloroplast
Inner and outer
membranes
Granum
Intermembrane
space
TEM 9,750
Stroma
• Location: Found throughout cell; Most
abundant in plants
• Appearance: Circular; huge in plant in
center of cell
• Nickname: Storage room
• Function: Stores water, nutrients, and
wastes
Central vacuole in a plant cell
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Colorized TEM 8,700
Central
vacuole
Found in protists
Spokes collect excess
water from cell
Hub expels it to the
outside
Contractile vacuoles in
Paramecium
Contractile
vacuoles
LM 650
Nucleus
• Location:
Throughout the cell; often attached to
vacuoles in animal cell; more common in animal
cells
• Appearance: Circles
• Nickname: Recycling Center
• Function:
Enzymes inside will break down
large molecules or worn down molecules and make
them available for reuse; digestion, fight off foreign
pathogens
• Those affected are missing one or more
hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome
• Pompe’s Disease: Harmful amounts of
polysaccharide glycogen accumulates in
muscle and liver cells
• Tay Sachs Disease: Lysosomes lack enzyme
needed to break down a lipid abundant in
nerve cell membranes
Lysosome formation and functions
Rough ER
1
Transport vesicle
(containing inactive
hydrolytic enzymes)
Golgi
apparatus
Plasma
membrane
Engulfment
of particle
Lysosome
engulfing
damaged
organelle
2
“Food”
Lysosomes
3
Food
vacuole
5
4
Digestion
Lysosome formation
QuickTime™ and a
YUV420 codec decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Lysosomes in a white blood cell
Lysosome
TEM 8,500
Nucleus
Lysosome breaking down damaged
organelles
Lysosome containing
two damaged organelles
Peroxisome fragment
TEM 42,500
Mitochondrion fragment
• Location: Throughout the cell
• Appearance: Strands or tubes
• Nickname: Scaffolding of cell
• Function: Gives the cell its shape,
internal organization, and movement
• Appearance:
Solid and
threadlike (made from protein –
actin)
• Function:
Provides structural
support; Assists in cell movement
and shape change
• Appearance: Hollow, flexible
strands; Made of proteins (tubulin)
• Function: Scaffolding used to
construct the cell; Create pathways for
the movement of organelles
• Appearance: Ropelike
structure; Made of fibrous
proteins
• Function: Reinforces cell’s
shape and anchors organelles
Fibers of the cytoskeleton
Tubulin subunit
Actin subunit
Fibrous subunits
7 nm
Microfilament
25 nm
10 nm
Intermediate filament
Microtubule
• Microtubules wrapped
in extension of cell
membrane
• Used for movement
Structure of a eukaryotic flagellum
or cilium
Flagellum
Electron micrographs
of cross sections:
Outer microtubule
doublet
TEM 206,500
Central
microtubules
Radial spoke
Dynein arms
Flagellum
Basal body
(structurally identical Basal body
to centriole)
TEM 206,500
Plasma
membrane
Colorized SEM 4,100
Cilia on cells lining the respiratory
tract
LM 600
Undulating flagellum on a sperm
cell
• Location: Above nucleus; only in
animal cells
• Appearance: Firewood; made up of
microtubules
• Nickname:Reproduction Center
• Function: Important in cell
reproduction
• Location: Outside of cytoplasm;
surrounds cell
• Appearance: Phospholipid Bilayer;
semifluid
• Nickname:Cell Membrane; Fluid Mosaic
• Function: Determine what can enter or
leave the cell
• Hydrophobic interior of the bilayer
makes it selectively permeable
–Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules can
pass through
–Polar molecules and ions cannot
Figure 5.10 Plasma membrane in
cross section
TEM 200,000X
Outside
of cell
Cytoplasm
Figure 5.11A Phospholipid
molecule
+ CH3
CH2 N CH3
CH3
CH
Hydrophilic head
2
Phosphate
group
O
P
O
O–
O
CH2
CH CH2
O
O
C
O
O
C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Symbol
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
Hydrophobic
tails
Figure 5.11B Phospholipid
bilayer
Water
Hydrophilic
heads
Hydrophobic
tails
Water
Figure 5.12 The plasma membrane
and extracellular matrix of an animal
cell
Fibers of the
extracellular
matrix
Carbohydrate
(of glycoprotein)
Glycoprotein
Glycolipid
Plasma
membrane
Phospholipid
Proteins
Microfilaments
of cytoskeleton
Cholesterol
Cytoplasm
• Location: Outside of cell membrane; only
found in plants, bacteria, and fungi cells
• Appearance:
Made of stiff fibers of
cellulose and other complex carbohydrates
• 10 – 100 times thicker than cell membrane
• Function: Provides support and protection
to cell
Does not determine what
may enter or leave the cell
•Often remains intact after
the rest of the cell has died
To function in a coordinated way as part of
a tissue, the cells must have cell junctions
Plasmodesmata: Channels between
adjacent plant cells, form a circulatory
and communication system connecting
the cells
Nuclear Membrane
•
•
•
•
Nuclear envelop
Double membrane perforated with pores
Surrounds the Nucleus
Controls the flow of materials into and out
of nucleus
•Cilia – short
numerous appendages
that propel organism
•Flagella – longer,
less numerous
appendages
Plasmodesmata
• Channels between adjacent
plant cells
• Forms a circulatory and
communication system
connecting cells in plant
tissues
Plant cell walls and cell junctions
Walls
of two
adjacent
plant cells
Vacuole
Plasmodesmata
Layers
of one plant
cell wall
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
• Sticky layer of glycoproteins
that animals secrete
• Function: Helps holds cells
together in tissues, protects,
supports
• Connects animal cells
• Tight Junctions: bind cells very tightly,
forms a leak proof sheet (digestive system)
• Anchoring junctions: Forms strong
sheets; rivet cells together with
cytoskeleton (skin and heart muscle)
• Gap Junctions: allow small particles to
flow through (flow of ions in muscle
contractions)
• Very cool cell animations
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AnPVuzF
7CA motor protein
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOnMU2b
AbJI&NR=1 The Harvard 3D Cell
Animation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZZ3DD_t
V9k Harvard Cell Animation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JjJDFwsl
Eo&feature=fvw The Living Cell