Ethanol Workshop PowerPoint
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Transcript Ethanol Workshop PowerPoint
Introduction
Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 2005
Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)
7.5 billion gallons renewable fuel in gasoline by
2012
Expand from 9 billion gallons to 36 billion gallons
Reductions in GHG emissions
Encourage development of renewable fuel sector
Ethanol – recognized alternative fuel with the
immediate potential to reduce consumption of
gasoline
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Lesson 1:
Introduction to Ethanol
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Objectives
Describe what ethanol is and how to identify
it
Explain the basic history of ethanol
Describe how ethanol may help public health
Explain how ethanol may help stimulate the
economy
Describe what energy security is and how to
use ethanol to attain it
4
Definition of Ethanol
Ethanol is made from corn, sugarcane,
wheat, other agricultural products
Ethanol can be formed through:
Biochemical conversion
Thermochemical conversion
Figure 1 (left): Sugarcane stalks, a primary source of ethanol. Source: NAFTC.
Figure 2 (right): Sugar beets, another source of ethanol. Source: NAFTC.
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Corn = carbohydrate = high in sugars
Corn = 95% of current U.S. ethanol
production
Ethanol from cellulose (woody fibers) =
cellulosic ethanol
Figure 3 (left): Corn is a primary feedstock in ethanol production. Source: NAFTC. Figure 4 (right): Wood fibers for
cellulosic ethanol. Source: NREL.
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Chemical Properties of Ethanol
Ethyl alcohol – contains hydroxyl group
Distilled from fermented sugars
Also known as “grain alcohol”
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Ethanol Color
Pure ethanol is colorless
When mixed with gasoline,
ethanol will take on straw
yellow color
Ethanol Smell
Figure 6: Inspecting a sample of ethanol. Source: NREL.
Pure ethanol is odorless
As it is mixed with gasoline, ethanol will begin
to smell like gasoline
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Figure 5: Ethanol facts and figures. Source: NAFTC.
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Ethanol Blends
Gasoline is added to ethanol to:
Ensure stability of the fuel system
Improve cold-start characteristics
Allow first responders to see the flame in case of
a fire
Most FFVs run on E85
Special Note:
Ethanol-blended fuels currently in the market – whether E10 or E85 – must meet stringent federal and
state tailpipe emission standards.
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Ethanol = 35% oxygen by weight
8.5 million FFVs on U.S. roads today
E10 can be used in gasoline vehicles with
no modification
Figure 7: E10 blends are found at most fueling stations. Source: NAFTC.
11
Basic History of Ethanol
First used as a fuel in the late 1800s
Nicholas Otto used ethanol in 1860
Henry Ford used ethanol in “Quadricycle”
Figure 8: Nicholas Otto. Source: EIA.
Figure 9: The “Quadricycle” was fueled by ethanol. Source: The
Henry Ford Museum.
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Did You Know?
Ethanol was used as lamp fuel in the
U.S. as early as 1840, but a tax levied
on industrial alcohol during the Civil
War made this use uneconomical.
The tax was repealed in 1906.
Source: EIA.
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Model T could operate on gasoline or
ethanol
Model T = first FFV in U.S.
1930s = more than 2,000 ethanol stations
Reduced petroleum
prices led to its
decline in the 1940s
Figure 10: Ford Model T. Source: NAFTC.
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Ethanol Today
All manufacturers approve ethanol
blends up to 10%
97% of all U.S. gasoline
contains some ethanol
Common blend for FFVs
= E85
Figure 11: E85 fueling pump. Source: NAFTC.
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Comparison to Gasoline
Higher octane rating than conventional
gasoline
Burns more completely – reduced emissions
More volatile than conventional gasoline
Pure ethanol contains no carcinogenic
compounds
16
Did You Know?
The personal care products industry is
one of the largest users of industrial
ethanol, or ethyl alcohol. Hairspray,
mouthwash, aftershave, cologne, and
cleaning products all contain large
amounts of alcohol by volume.
Source: American Coalition for Ethanol, 2011.
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Basic Properties of Ethanol
High octane = resistance to auto-ignition
Lower energy content than conventional
gasoline
E85 octane = 95; pure ethanol octane = over
99
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Figure 12: E85 stations by state. Source: AFDC.
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Why Consider Ethanol?
Ethanol is:
Renewable
Nontoxic
Biodegradable
Sulfur-free
Use produces fewer harmful emissions
Ethanol production = U.S. job
opportunities
Can be produced from domestic crops
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Figure 13: Emission reductions by type. Source: DOE Biomass Program
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Advantages
Energy self-sufficiency
Creation of U.S. jobs
Major reductions in petroleum consumption
Promotion of U.S. agricultural sector
Higher octane rating
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Figure 14: Ethanol compared to conventional gasoline. Source: Fueleconomy.gov.
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Ethanol Benefits
Major benefits to
Health
Environment
Economy
Energy Security
Renewability
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Health Benefits
Carbon monoxide emissions are responsible
for up to 20% of smog formation
Ethanol/ethanol blends burn more completely,
produce fewer carbon monoxide emissions
Ethanol is nontoxic, water soluble, quickly
biodegradable
Ethanol use reduces both carbon dioxide and
greenhouse gas emissions
Ethanol for fuel and distillers grain
25
Did You Know?
The American Lung Association of
Metropolitan Chicago credits ethanolblended reformulate gasoline with
reducing smog-forming emissions by
25% since 1990.
Source: American Coalition for Ethanol.
26
Did You Know?
A bushel of corn weighs 56 pounds
and will produce at least 2.8 gallons
of ethanol and 17 pounds of
distillers grain.
Source: American Coalition for Ethanol.
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Environmental Benefits
Ethanol is highly biodegradable
Ethanol used as vehicle fuel reduces harmful
emissions
Plants used to create
ethanol absorb carbon
dioxide during growth
Ethanol does not
contain sulfur
Figure 15: Sugarcane. Source: NAFTC.
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Did You Know?
Corn ethanol reduces GHGs by 20%
to 52%, while cellulosic ethanol
reduces GHGs by as much as 86%.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
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Did You Know?
After the sinking of the Bow Mariner off the Virginia
coast in February 2004, the U.S. Coast Guard
officials noted the cargo of 3.2 million gallons of
industrial ethanol had dissipated quickly and did not
pose an environmental threat to humans or marine
life. In contrast, the impacts after the 2010
Deepwater Horizon – BP oil disaster in the Gulf of
Mexico are still being seen and discovered today.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
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Economic Benefits
Creation of domestic jobs
Growth within U.S. agricultural sector
In 2011, ethanol industry added more than
$42 billion to U.S. GDP, supported more
than 400,000 jobs
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Energy Security Benefits
U.S. = one of the greatest exporters of
agricultural products
About half of U.S. oil used in 2010 was
imported
Ethanol can be produced from domestic
resources
Domestic production lessens dependence
on foreign oil
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Renewable Benefits
Ethanol’s energy balance
Ethanol can be produced from renewable biomass
resources
Biomass resources can be grown within the U.S.
Special Note:
The U.S. Department of Energy and Agriculture’s Billion Ton Study found that we can grow adequate
biomass feedstocks to displace approximately 30% of current gasoline consumption by 2030 on a
sustainable basis – with only modest changes in land use.
33
Did You Know?
For every barrel of ethanol produced
(1 barrel = 42 gallons), 1.34 barrels
of petroleum are displaced at the
refinery.
Source: Information Resources, Inc.
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Upon completing this lesson, can you:
Describe what ethanol is and how to identify
it?
Explain the basic history of ethanol?
Describe how ethanol may help public health?
Explain how ethanol may help stimulate the
economy?
Describe what energy security is and how to
use ethanol to attain it?
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Test Your Knowledge
1. True or False: Pure ethanol is both
odorless and tasteless.
2. True or False: Henry Ford used ethanol
as a fuel for one of his first automobiles.
3. True or False: All conventional gasolinepowered vehicles can use E10 as a fuel.
4. True or False: Ethanol is made from
sugarcane, corn, and rubbing alcohol.
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Lesson 2:
Ethanol Manufacturing,
Infrastructure, and
Sustainability
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Objectives
Describe what ethanol is made from –
feedstock
Explain how ethanol is manufactured and
produced
Describe how ethanol is transported
Explain how ethanol is distributed
Describe the sustainability of ethanol – its
future and cost efficiency
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Renewable Fuel Sources
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
identifies the following as renewable fuels:
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydrogen
Hydropower
Ocean
Solar
Wind
Figure 16: Renewable Fuel Sources. Source: NAFTC.
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Renewable Fuel Sources
Feedstock – any preliminary product that
can be made into a fuel
Biomass – biological or organic matter
available on a renewable basis
Bioenergy – the fuels that are created as
a result of converting biomass into usable
energy
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Figure 17:Primary uses of U.S. corn (billions of bushels). Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service.
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Renewable Fuel Sources
Corn
One of America’s most abundant agricultural
products
Makes up more than 90% of current ethanol
production
Sugarcane
High sugar content =
high fuel yield
Typically grown in South
America and Asia due to
climate
Figure 18: Sugarcane, often grown in Hawaii and South
America, is an ideal feedstock for ethanol. Source: NAFTC.
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Renewable Fuel Sources
Grains
Various grains can be used
to produce ethanol
Grains do not possess as
much sucrose as other
sources
Figure 19: Various grains are also used to produce
ethanol. Source: NAFTC.
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Manufacturing and Production
Agricultural products that are used to
make ethanol are harvested, transported,
fermented, distilled, and delivered
Figure 20: Harvesting sugarcane to produce ethanol. Source: NAFTC.
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Dry Milling
Feedstock is ground up, mixed with water
Mixture (mash)
is heated
Yeast is added
Product is distilled
and denatured
Figure 21: Dry milling process. Source: ICM, Inc.
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Did You Know?
A modern dry-mill ethanol refinery
produces approximately 2.8 gallons of
ethanol and 17 pounds of highly
valuable feed co-products called
distillers grain from one bushel of
corn.
Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).
46
Did You Know?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the last
byproduct from dry milling. Soda
companies often buy this byproduct
to use for carbonation in their
beverages.
Source: American Coalition for Ethanol.
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Transportation and Distribution
More than 200 plants in U.S. alone
Most located in Midwest
Usually not transported
via conventional
pipelines
Denaturant is
added
90% transported by
train or truck
Figure 22: Ethanol plant. Source: NAFTC.
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U.S. Department of Transportation
Placards
Required on all bulk shipments
Same handling requirements as conventional
fuels
Avoid contact with
skin/avoid inhaling
fumes/vapors
Figure 23: Hazard class 3 flammable placard for ethanol. Source: USDOT.
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Infrastructure
Ethanol Fueling Stations
More than 2,500 E85 stations in the U.S. alone
Nearly all stations use E10 blends
Ethanol must be kept in tanks
made from certain materials
Ethanol Fueling Safety
Features
Ethanol stations utilize
the same features
conventional stations use
Figure 24: Ethanol fueling station pump. Source: NREL.
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Special Note:
There are many federal and state tax incentives and credits
to encourage the installation of E85 infrastructure and use of
the fuel. For a comprehensive list of these programs, visit the
State and Federal Incentives and Laws section of the AFDC
at: www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws
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Identifying Ethanol Hazard Placards
National Fire Protection Agency requirement
3 = fuel must be preheated before ignition
1 = fuel may cause slight to moderate
irritation
0 = fuel poses no reactivity hazards
Figure 25: NFPA 704 hazard placard for ethanol. Source: NFPA.
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Ethanol Sustainability
Sustainability
Continuation with minimal long-term
environmental effects
Carbon-neutral status
Cost Efficiency
Concerns with using corn for fuel production
Positive energy balance
Biomass currently available for ethanol
production
53
Did You Know?
Ethanol production utilized the starch in
4.65 billion bushels of corn in 2010 to
produce 32.5 million metric tons of
high quality livestock feed, distillers
grain, and corn gluten feed and meal,
and 13 billion gallons of ethanol.
Source: Renewable Fuels Association.
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The Future of Ethanol
97% of all gasoline sold in the U.S. contains
some ethanol
Vehicles model year 2001 or newer can use
E15 without modification
Special Note:
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) requires use of 36
billion gallons of renewable transportation fuels in the U.S. by 2022. Of that
quantity, 16 billion gallons must be cellulosic biofuels. Ethanol from corn is
capped at 15 billion gallons.
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Upon completing this lesson, can you:
Describe what ethanol is made from feedstock?
Explain how ethanol is manufactured and
produced?
Describe how ethanol is transported?
Explain how ethanol is distributed?
Describe the sustainability of ethanol?
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Test Your Knowledge
1. True or False: In the process of dry milling,
corn or another grain is ground into a flour
or meal and then mixed with water to form
what is called mash.
2. True or False: Ethanol has a negative
energy balance.
3. True or False: E85 fuel can be stored in
the same tanks and dispensed using the
same pumps as conventional gasoline; but
modifications may be necessary.
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Lesson 3:
Ethanol Vehicles
(Vehicle Technology)
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Objectives
Explain the differences between FFVs vehicles
and conventional vehicles
Describe the components of FFVs
Describe the performance of FFVs
Explain how to maintain FFVs
Describe the FFVs used today
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Differences Between FFVs and
Conventional Vehicles
Some modifications may be needed to engine
calibration and fuel management systems
Main components:
Internal combustion engine (ICE)
Transmission
Drivetrain
Fuel storage system
Transmission and drivetrain operate
identically
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FFV Components
What is a Flexible Fuel Vehicle?
Run on blends up to E85
Specialized diagnostics
Specified engine calibrations
Figure 26 (left): Buick Regal. Source: Buick. Figure 27 (right): Ford F-150. Source: Ford.
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How Do Flexible Fuel Vehicles Work?
E85 contains less energy than gasoline
Vehicle computer must determine appropriate
amount of fuel
Engine Calibration
Ethanol = higher octane
Different compression
ratio
FFV engine = same size
as conventional gasoline
engine
Figure 28: Flexible fuel vehicle engine. Source: NAFTC.
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Fuel Management Systems
Ethanol = highly corrosive
Fuel lines, storage systems, and injectors must
accommodate this nature
Larger fuel tanks
Higher octane will reduce engine “knock”
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FFV Modifications and Conversions
All gasoline vehicles
Blends up to E10 are covered by
manufacturer warranties
E15 for 2001 and newer vehicles
Ethanol energy density vs. gasoline density
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Flexible Fuel Vehicle Performance
Comparable to gasoline vehicles
Higher octane
Absorbs moisture
Detergent properties
Higher compression
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Flexible Fuel Vehicle Safety
Fuel must be handled with caution
Transportation and storage = safer than
gasoline
Less flammable than gasoline
Water-soluble
Biodegradable
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Flexible Fuel Vehicle Maintenance
Maintenance is the same as with conventional
vehicles
Check on a regular basis:
Battery
Ignition system
Spark plugs
Coolant
Transmission fluid
Belts
Hoses
Air and fuel filters
67
FFVs serve many purposes
USPS switched to FFVs in January 2000
As of 2010, the USPS FFV fleet consumed
709,937 gallons of E85
Figure 29: Ethanol-fueled public transportation bus. Source: NREL.
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Flexible Fuel Vehicles in Use Today
Brazil = more than 10 million FFVs, 33,000
fueling stations
By 2020, GM plans to have over 20 million
FFVs on roadways worldwide
Figure 30: USPS ethanol-powered vehicle. Source: NREL.
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Upon completing this lesson, can you:
Explain the differences between FFVs and
conventional vehicles?
Describe the components of FFVs?
Describe the performance of FFVs?
Explain how to maintain FFVs?
Describe the FFVs used today?
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Test Your Knowledge
1.
State two of the main differences between FFVs
and conventional vehicles.
2. What enables FFVs to “read” the fuel blend
being used?
3. True or False: Performance aspects of ethanol
vehicles are comparable to conventional
vehicles.
4. True or False: An ethanol land or water spill
would be relatively harmless since the fuel
would disperse and decompose very quickly.
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