Transcript Integrating Water Security Analysis into HEA

Integrating Water
Economy Analysis and
HEA
Prepared for the Livelihoods Integration Unit
A USAID program implemented by FEG
in partnership with DPPA/EWD
Lorraine Coulter
February, 2008
Outline of Presentation
1. Introduction
2. How water fits into the HEA analytical
framework
3. Sources of information
4. Data collected and their use in the analysis
5. How we can integrate findings into response
planning
6. Worked example
1. Introduction:
Why integrate water and HEA
needs assessments?
Why integrate water and
HEA?
 The need for integrated, cross-sectoral emergency
response and development planning is widely
recognized and called for by donors and
governments
Why integrate water and
HEA?
 Water resources and the hydrologic cycle will
be among the first and most drastically
affected in the process of climate change
 Addressing impacts of water-related hazards
on food security and health is of increasing
priority as organizations become more concerned
with climate change’s wide-ranging impacts
2. How water fits into the
HEA analytical framework
How water fits into HEA
HEA compares what people need with
what they have, accounting for effects
of a given shock
Just as for food, water can also be
analysed within this framework:
 We can quantify minimum requirements
 We can quantify access to water
 We can quantify the effects of the shock
How water fits into HEA
Baseline + Hazard + Coping = Outcome
Before shock
How water fits into HEA
Baseline + Hazard + Coping = Outcome
Source
yields drop
Before shock
After shock, without coping
strategies
How water fits into HEA
Baseline + Hazard + Coping = Outcome
Source
yields drop
Before shock
But HHs
can travel
to others
After shock, without coping
strategies
How water fits into HEA
Baseline + Hazard + Coping = Outcome
Source
yields drop
Before shock
But HHs
find other
sources
After shock, without coping
strategies
After shock, including
coping strategies
How water fits into HEA
 Water determines whether people can:
survive
protect their
livelihoods
Water Thresholds
 Survival and Livelihoods Protection Thresholds can be
established for water
 These can provide triggers for appropriate waterbased – and food related – responses
Water Survival Threshold:
Based on minimum HH drinking and cooking
requirements
Water Livelihoods Protection Threshold:
Based on minimum water required to sustain HH
livelihoods activities so that food and income needs are
met
3. Sources of Information
Sources of information
1. Groundwater availability mapping
2. District interviews with key informants
 including data on water-related disease incidence
across seasons and years
3. Community interviews with key informants
 including information on local water source quality,
reliability, yield across seasons, access constraints
4. Wealth group interviews
4. Data collected and their
use in the analysis
 Hydrogeological zones
Step
1:
Livelihood
livelihood zones
B A S E L I N E
Zoning
hydrogeology –
surface & groundwater
AWH Highland — Dega
often
overlap
with through
will
Water
availability
high, access
numerous springs
 Population not dense
 Means of production more agriculturebased; water demand from l/stock minimal.
combine to form a
RVL Lowland — Kolla
specific range of
landform
and land
 Water
availability
low:cover
low rainfall
potential land uses /
 Access low: no springs; few boreholes.
means of production
soilfavours
composition
 Agro-ecology
livestock raising.
Water demand high from livestock, low
climate
from sparser human population.
=
Agroecology
Water availability, access, and use patterns often
Whatoverlap
it does:
with agro-ecological zones, because physical
properties
of
Alongside
HEA, delineates
the aquifer (e.g. abundance of springs) determine
the similar
areas in which
water-based livelihood options available to patterns
people, which
of water
also strongly affects demand for water.
availability, access, and use
exist.
Inmost
most cases,
cases, LZs
In
LZsfor
for
HWEA will
same
as
HWEA
willbebethe
the
same
HEA
. .
as for
forfood-based
food-based
HEA
Step 1: Livelihood Zoning
B A S E L I N E
Info collected:
We can roughly project LZ
patterns of water availability,
access, and use using:
a) Groundwater
availability mapping
b) Population from HEA
livelihood zoning
c) Information on which
livelihood activities the
agro-ecology supports
B A S E L I N E
Step 1: Livelihood Zoning
Info collected:
Groundwater availability mapping
We can roughly project LZ
 Like that
by BGS for Ethiopia: see
patterns
ofdeveloped
water availability,
Calow et al. 2002
access,
and use using:
 Mapping created from
and
a)hydrogeology
Groundwater
rainfall datasets
availability mapping
available for most of
Africa
from HEA
b)WePopulation
can also estimate
livelihood
source
types zoning
supported by the
c)hydrogeology
Information on which
livelihood activities the
agro-ecology supports
B A S E L I N E
Step 2: Wealth Breakdown
Info collected:
Household assets which
enable exploitation of
water availability
are noted in local
definitions of wealth
What it does:
Groups people together
using local definitions
of wealth; quantifies
their livelihoods assets
Humera Sesame and Sorghum LZ
How the info is
used:
Contributes to
understanding of why
certain wealth groups
can better exploit
water availability
Step 3: Water source quantification
Sources of water
100%
90%
as a % of total water use
B A S E L I N E
Livelihoods
protection uses
Survival uses:
What it does:
 Water-dependent
 drinking
1. Quantifies
sources
livelihoods
activities,
& of water
 cooking for baseline year
 must
Bathing,

be laundry
of
potable quality
80%
Seasonal pool
70%
60%
Reservoir
50%
Guguf River
40%
Hale-Alfa Minor R.
30%
Hand-dug well
20%
Deepwell Danisa
10%
0%
Poor
Middle
Info collected:
Quantification of sources
of water for:
a) Survival
Survival
a)
b) Livelihoods
Livelihoods protection
b)
protection
How the info is used:
Enables comparisons of
water access/use across
wealth groups, zones and
countries; informs how
water access impacts food
security
&
provides starting point for
outcome analysis
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Step 4: Problem Specification
Problem Specification - Water
Indicators compiled from district office
infrastructure records & water quality
testing, rainfall data, groundwater
availability maps
Deep borehole yield 50%, 25% in disrepair
Water quality non-potable in minor rivers
River water adequate for 5 months/yr,
down from 8 months/yr
Water prices up 200% - private vendors
What it does:
Translates a water-related
hazard into economic and
water access consequences
at HH level
How the info is used:
We can mathematically
link the shock to each
relevant water-dependent
survival and livelihoods
strategy
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Step 5: Analysis of Coping Capacity
Analysis of Coping Capacity
Data collected during baseline
Reduce non-essential bathing and
laundry
What it does:
Assesses the ability of
households to increase water
access during and after shock
Boil non-potable water
Reduce production levels of lowerpriority water-based l/hoods activities
Excavate dried riverbanks for water
Travel to working/higher yield sources
farther away; temporary migration
with l/stock
Payment for water in water markets
How the info is used:
Determines the amount and
form of external assistance
needed
&
Highlights monitoring indicators
for testing prediction
OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Step 6: Predicted Outcome
What it does:
Predicts the outcome of the
hazard in relation to
intervention thresholds
How the info is used:
Allows us to determine
whether people need
external assistance to
survive and/or maintain
their livelihood assets
&
informs links between water
and food security
Water Thresholds
Water Survival Threshold:
100% minimum water consumption needs for human
survival
Livelihoods Protection Threshold:
 Ensure human survival (above), plus
 Minimum water needs for bathing + laundry, plus
 Minimum water requirements to sustain, in
medium/long term, production level of water-based
livelihoods activities necessary to reach food-based
Livelihoods Protection Threshold, plus
 Minimum water requirements for livestock survival
Human consumption water
requirements
40
Min. human consumption water needs
per HH per day
35
30
25
20
15
 Water needs for human
consumption per person/day:
5–9L
10
5
22.5 L
25 L
30 L
35 L
Very Poor
Poor
Middle
B/off
0
Livelihoods protection water
requirements
 Water needs per day for:
cattle & oxen: 20-25 L
lactating cows: 35-40 L
goats/sheep: 10 L
*needs also depend on
climate, energy expenditure
* Water can be consumed through
water sources and vegetation
L/stock water consumption/day (L)
Total livestock water needs per HH/day
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
845 L
440 L
50 L
170 L
Very Poor
Poor
Middle
B/off
5. How we can integrate the
findings into response planning
P LAN N I N G
RESPONSE
Addressing disease trends &
links to water
 Alongside water economy analysis, assessing
water-related disease trends across seasons
and years guides:
 Proper sequencing of interventions
 Identification of problem sources/types
 Targeting vulnerable wealth groups for
sanitation & hygiene interventions
P LAN N I N G
Typhoid and dysentery and the rainy
season – Singida, Tanzania
Interventions:
April May June July Aug Sept Oct
planting
Legend:
lean period
 Ensure drinking sources
are ‘protected’Dysentery 20
Typhoid
10
Rainfall
0
April
weeding
green cons.
harvesting
land preparation
cereals
cereals
sunflower
brewing
brewing
gardening
 Roll out hygiene education
collection
on preventingfirewood
faecal-oral
milk availability peak
transmission of bacteria
malaria peak
Feb Mar
agricultural labour
Crop
production
Other
Other income
RESPONSE
 Protect springs and shallow
agricultural
wells before the
rainy labour
land preparation
season to minimize
risk of
contaminated water cereals
sunflower
sources
Nov Dec Jan
gardening
firewood collection
milk availability peak
milk peak
malaria peak
malaria peak
lean period
May
June
lean period
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April May June July Aug Sept Oct
planting
Crop
production
Legend:
agricultural labour
Other
Other income
P LAN N I N G
RESPONSE
Ensuring groundwater sources are repaired before the dry
season is key to viability of income generation activities
brewing
Nov Dec Jan
Feb Mar
weeding
green cons.
harvesting
land preparation
cereals
sunflower
gardening
firewood collection
milk availability peak
malaria peak
lean period
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Rainfall
P LAN N I N G
RESPONSE
Addressing food aid impacts on
demand for water
Poor HH coping
strategies - drought
Draw down on reserves
Switch expenditure to
essential goods
Send additional HH
member away for
labour
Wild foods collection
 Effective food aid targeting
in drought years can lead to
drops in migration level
typical of drought years
 Increased demand on lower
yielding water points during
drought increases pump
breakdown rates
 Water intervention should
accompany food aid
P LAN N I N G
RESPONSE
Identifying expenditure constraints to determine
if a water intervention is appropriate
Non-food
basket:
 Measures to
cover school,
health costs (175
birr)
 Subsidy for
water (61 birr)
 Cash transfer to
cover household
items (730 birr)
The poor cannot both pay for min.
non-food items (including water)
and protect their livelihoods…
…Instead of paying
for water many HH
may resort to poorer
quality sources or
consume less water
for drinking &
hygiene:
A water subsidy may
be included the
basket of non-food
interventions
P LAN N I N G
RESPONSE
Identifying types of water insecurity
For livelihood zones with
 high average rainfall
 moderate to large
aquifer base:
Water insecurity will
often be related to
high demand and
poor access
rather than absolute
water scarcity
Interventions:
 Well & spring repair
to ensure water that
is available can be
accessed
 Check for appropriate
technology
 Improve WG assets
for transport &
storage of water
P LAN N I N G
RESPONSE
Identifying types of water insecurity
In zones where
groundwater development
potential exists:
Groundwater development
projects should be rolled
out
&
Vulnerable areas and
wealth groups should be
targeted
Interventions:
Domestic supply
Livestock watering
Small-scale irrigation
to support livelihoods
P LAN N I N G
RESPONSE
Identifying types of water insecurity
Livelihood zones with:
 low groundwater storage
capacity
 wells and boreholes with
low yields & few other
source options
 high population density
…are most vulnerable
to drought
Interventions:
 Identify areas for
emergency boreholes
to uncap during
drought
 Infrastructure repair
 Sanitation and hygiene
promotion to prevent
water-related disease
outbreaks
6. Worked Example
B A S E L I N E
Raya Valley, Tigray, Ethiopia
 Mixed farming with crop & livestock production
 Moderately populated, predominately kolla lowland
plains
 Azmera and Keremt rains enable two productive harvest
seasons
Raya Valley water background
 Shortage of water for
human consumption
 Drinking from open
sources exposes
community to waterborne disease risk
All WG must purchase water which ranges from 1 to 4% of expenditure though V.Poor & Poor barely afford it
 Low to moderate
groundwater
development
potential
Baseline food economy
LP
Threshold
LP
Threshold
Survival Threshold
Thresholds are met
in the reference
year, supported
significantly by
sales of livestock &
livestock
products…
Baseline food economy
…and own sorghum
& teff, which are
consumed
…along with
livestock products,
particularly for
Middle HHs
Baseline water economy
People access six
sources of water in the
reference year
Baseline water economy
Sources of water
Survival water sources
Middle HHs get
most of their
drinking water from
the deep well…
…while the poor
resort to the river &
unprotected handdug well for most of
their drinking needs
Problem Specification
What happens when drought hits the area two
years in a row?
Seasonal monitoring reports that:
 Teff production is halved in Belg,
fails in Meher
 Crops harvest is halved, green
consumption falls by 25%
 Cows fail to give birth, reducing
livestock products to 0%; people
curtail livestock sales to half to
protect herd health
 Staple price rises by 10%
Problem Specification
What happens when drought hits the area two
years in a row?
Woreda water officers report that:
 Adequate quality water from Guguf River is
available for livestock for 3 months of the
year instead of 4 & for humans for 1 month
instead of 2.
 Minor river Hade-Alfa and seasonal pools
dry up
 Lower yields and higher demand contribute
to breakdown of deep well after 2nd month
of the reference year
 Hand-dug well & reservoir yields support
50% of reference quantities
Initial water deficit
Impacts of drought on sources yields
as a % of baseline water use
120%
100%
80%
Seasonal pool
Reservoir
60%
Hale-Alfa Minor R.
Guguf River
40%
Hand-dug well
Deepwell Danisa
20%
0%
Poor
Baseline
Poor
Initial
Deficit
Middle
Baseline
Middle
Initial
Deficit
Reduced source yields result in a 70% reduction in
water use for both Poor and Middle households
Coping strategies: water
 Households excavate water pits in dry riverbeds of
Hade-Alfa (minor) river
 Middle HHs start consuming water at Guguf River,
intensify livestock watering there
 HHs travel to distant highland spring for drinking &
livestock water
 All HHs pay to access more water at reservoir and
deep well
Final picture:
food & income access
Poor income (food+cash)
Livelihoods
Protection
Threshold
Survival t/hold
Middle income (food+cash)
Livelihoods
Protection
Threshold
Survival threshold
 Middle HHs are hit
hardest, as the bulk
of their income is
dependent on sales
of livestock and
livestock products.
Final picture: Middle HH water access
Breakdown of
deep well hits
Middle HH
particularly
hard…
Coping: travel to
highland spring
secures enough
water for human
consumption
…resulting
in a 56%
drop in
drinking
water
access
Final picture: Poor HH water access
Breakdown of
deep well &
decreased
source yields…
…results
in a 71%
drop in
total
water
access
Coping: increased
reliance on river &
travel to highland
spring increase
access
but Poor
HHs still
fall short
of survival
needs
Final picture: water survival deficits
 Unlike Middle HHs, Poor HHs
cannot secure enough drinking
water from the highland spring,
because they have few assets to
transport & store water
 Poor HHs also have trouble
releasing labour for water
collection due to engagement
in labour activities
Interventions: water for survival
2400 L
 Interventions should ensure Poor
HHs receive 2400 L of drinking
water
 Provision of small carts to Poor
HHs might be considered
 As should a subsidy for
water over the long term,
of at least 61 ETB
water 61 ETB
Interventions:
livelihoods protection
Livelihoods
protection deficit
 Although Middle HHs
access enough water
to meet food &
income needs, they
don’t get enough for
livestock survival in
the long term
 A livestock watering
intervention should
provide 29,000 L for
Middle households
Interventions:
livelihoods protection
Livelihoods
protection deficit
 Poor HHs need
40,000 L from the
intervention to ensure
long term livestock
survival
 More numerous
shallow wells instead of complex
deep wells - may be
better technology
choice
Thank you