Transcript APA Without Agony - Cecelia Munzenmaier: Online Portfolio

APA Without Agony
ALOP 242
August 28, 2010
Topics

Basic elements
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





Intext citations
Reference list entries
Two purposes
What about…
Free citation makers
Sources for this class
Recommended Resources
Basic principles

Follow author-date system
 Credit words and ideas from other authors
 Give information on how to locate the source
How did it start?
In 1928, guidelines were 7 pages
• Introduce consistency
• Simplify life for authors and editors
How does it work?

Based on publication criteria for American
Psychological Association (APA)

Used in social sciences to


Acknowledge sources of information
Allow readers to locate original sources
Author-date system
How does it work?

Publication criteria include an APA look

Plain vanilla for artists’ sake


Tutorial: http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm
Template:
Author-date system
How does it work?

Based on publication criteria for American
Psychological Association (APA)

Used in social sciences to


Acknowledge sources of information
Allow readers to locate original sources
Ferrari (2000) has classified
procrastinators as arousal types,
avoiders, and decisional
procrastinators.
Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue).
Procrastination and attention: Factor
analysis of attention deficit,
boredomness, intelligence, selfesteem, and task-delay frequencies.
Journal of Social Behavior &
Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved
from Academic Search Elite database.
intext citation
reference entry
Author-date system
How does it work?
Within a paper
How does it work?
Within the field
COAUTHORS
OPPOSITION
Baumeister Tice
FERRARI
CITED BY
Choi
Psychology
Steel
Philosophy
Perry
How does it work?
How does it work?

Citations give credit to words or ideas
taken from other authors.
IDEAS Tice and Baumeister
(1997) reject the idea that procrastination
can be a productive strategy.
WORDS “Procrastination is not a
neutral or innocuous form of time
management, let alone a helpful or
beneficial one (as some people claim)”
(Tice & Baumeister, 1997, p. 456).
Where do I fit in?

Procrastination can be a productive
strategy for adapting to rapidly
changing priorities (Chu & Choi, 2005).
Consider this real-life example. The first
guidelines given to freelance writers are
often amended two or three times as a
project begins. Experienced writers learn
to write one lesson and wait for feedback.
This approach meets Chu and Choi’s
criterion for productive procrastination:
choosing delay as a proactive strategy.
Where can I learn more?
Two elements

Intext citations credit words and ideas
(Chapter 6)

Reference list locates original source
(Chapter 7)
Ferrari (2000) has classified
procrastinators as arousal types,
avoiders, and decisional
procrastinators.
Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue).
Procrastination and attention: Factor
analysis of attention deficit,
boredomness, intelligence, selfesteem, and task-delay frequencies.
Journal of Social Behavior &
Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved
from Academic Search Elite database.
intext citation
reference entry
Author-date system
Can you see the problem(s)?
Recently Steel (2009)
found that traditional
explanations of
procrastination, including
fear of failure, self-handicapping, and rebelliousness,
were not supported by research. In his view, only
Temporal Motivation theory has been validated.
Steel, P. (2009). Theories of procrastination. Retrieved from
http://www.procrastinus.com
Which is more credible?
References
DivaDee. (2010, July 1).
Why I put things off.
Message posted to
http://lifesgreatmysteries.com/
archives/july10
Procrastination. (2010,
January 17). In Wikipedia.
Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Procrastination
References
Specter, M., & Ferrari, J.
(2000, Special Issue).
Time orientations of
procrastinators:
Focusing on the past,
present, or future?
Journal of Social
Behavior &
Personality, 15(5),
197-202.
Don’t cite Wikipedia
Go to references, external links
Two purposes


Acknowledge any words or ideas
from other sources.
Provide enough information
to locate your sources.
Author-date system
Principle 1: Credit ideas
When we think of the
Sistine Chapel, we
think of the great artist
Michelangelo.
However, the credit
does not belong to
him alone. According
to Bennis (1997),
sixteen assistants
helped create this
masterpiece.
parenthetical;
no quotation marks
References
Bennis, W. (1997, Winter).
The secrets of great
groups. Leader to Leader,
3. Retrieved August 24,
2007, from
http://www.leadertoleader.org/
knowledgecenter/L2L/winter97/
bennis.html
reference entry
Principle 1: Credit twice
Parenthetical
citations point to
the reference list.
According to Bennis
(1997), sixteen
assistants worked with
him to create this
masterpiece.
References
Bennis, W. (1997, Winter).
The secrets of great
groups. Leader to Leader,
3. Retrieved from
http://www.leadertoleader.org/
knowledgecenter/L2L/
winter97/bennis.html
Reference list
entries point to the
original.
Did Ambrose give credit?
CHILDERS
AMBROSE
"Up, up, up…” "Up, up, up….”
Principle 1: Plagiarism check

"Up, up, up, groping through 
the clouds for what seemed
like an eternity. ... No amount
of practice could have
prepared them for what they
encountered. B-24s,
glittering like mica, were
popping up out of the clouds
all over the sky."

—Thomas Childers,
Wings of Morning, p. 83
"Up, up, up he went, until he
got above the clouds. No
amount of practice could
have prepared the pilot and
crew for what they
encountered—B-24s,
glittering like mica, were
popping up out of the clouds
over here, over there,
everywhere."

—Stephen Ambrose,
The Wild Blue, p. 164
Principle 1: Credit carefully
"No amount of practice
could have prepared
[the pilot and crew] for
what they encountered.
B-24s, glittering like
mica, were popping up
out of the clouds"
(Childers, 1995, p. 83)
over here, over there,
everywhere.
parenthetical
References
Childers, T. (1995).
Wings of morning.
New York: Perseus.
…In each case, I footnoted the
passage in question, but failed
to put some words and
sentences into quotation marks.
I am sorry and will make
relevant changes in all future
editions.”—Stephen Ambrose
reference entry
Ambrose’s
apology
Principle 2: Locate the source
Like Hansel and
Gretel, follow the
breadcrumb trail
Reference List Format
Author. (Date). Retrieval information.
Book
Perrin, R. (2006). Pocket guide to APA style. New
York: Houghton Mifflin.
Journal
Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style.
Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. Retrieved
from Academic Search Premier database.
Web article
APA documentation. (2006). Retrieved from
University of Wisconsin Writing Center Web
site: http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/
DocAPA.html
Reference List Format
Four building blocks for any format:
WHO
Who created this reference?
WHEN
When was it created?
WHAT
What is this reference called?
WHERE
Where can this reference be found?
Reference List Format
Four building blocks for any format:
1. WHO
2. WHEN
3. WHAT
4. WHERE
1.
2.
3.
Ferrari, J. (2005, December 7). There’s
always tomorrow [live chat with E.
Hoover]. Transcript available at
Chronicle of Higher Education Web
site: http://chronicle.com/colloquy/
2005/12/procrastination/
4.
Be Complete
http://www.uwisc.edu
http://www.uwisc.edu/writing/
Handbook/DocAPA.html
Be Complete
Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A.,
Sanders, R. J., & Bever, T.
G. (1979). Can an ape
create a sentence? Science,
206, 891-902.
Washoe: The signing chimp.
(n.d.) Retrieved
February 5, 2005, from
Mrs. Smith’s class Web site:
http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/
classprojects.html
Nonretrievable Info
Retrievable
Nonretrievable
Include in reference list
• books
• web articles
• magazines
• newsgroup postings
• videos
Cite only in text
(S. Oh, personal communication, August 27, 2007)
• letters
• in-person interviews
• emails
• phone calls
Intext Citation Format
Print quotations: (Author, year, page number).
Researcherfocused
Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins
“where change begins” (p. 140).
Chronologyfocused
In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal
work in an emerging field. In 2003,
he proposed solutions to global problems in
Transforming Leadership.
Idea-focused
The innovator’s approach to leadership is
exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first
days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).
Intext Citation Format
Paraphrased or no page #: (Author, year).
Researcherfocused
Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for
overcoming procrastination.
Chronologyfocused
In 2005, Mann developed a unique method for
overcoming procrastination, which he calls the
(10+2)*5 method.
Idea-focused
The (10+2)*5 method for overcoming
procrastination has three steps: work for ten
minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back
to work, repeating the cycle for an hour (Mann,
2005).
Intext Citation Format
Quotations from Internet:
(Author last name, Year, section header,
paragraph #)
EXAMPLE
Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming
procrastination: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break,
and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour. His advice
seems counterintuitive: “Breaks cannot be missed. Period. Go
surf the web. Now. Seriously. GO!” (Important squirrely rules
section, para. 3).
Intext Citations in ¶





Acknowledge words
with quotation marks
and intext citation.
Acknowledge ideas
with intext citation only.
Insert date the first time an
author’s name is mentioned
in a paragraph.
Place any remaining
information at the end of
material from a source.
Intext citations apply to one
paragraph.
What is procrastination?
Steel (2008) has described
procrastination as trading “shortterm gain for long-term pain.”
Ferrari (2000) classified
procrastinators as arousal types,
avoiders, and decisional
procrastinators. In his view, most
people occasionally put things off,
but some are chronic
procrastinators whose delays
disrupt their lives: “Remember, 80%
of us procrastinate, but 20% are
procrastinators” (2005).
Both Steel (2008) and Ferrari
(2000, 2005) emphasized the
negative. However, Chu and Choi
(2005) found strategic delay could
What’s the error?
Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist:
Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate.
Retrieved from http://www.google.com
Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist:
Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate.
Retrieved from
http://slate.msn.com/?id=2060618
INTEXT CITATION
(Plotz, 2002)
What’s the error?
Gesundheit, A. (2009, August 28). Interview
with Kaplan librarian.
INTEXT CITATION ONLY
(A. Gesundheit, personal communication,
August 28, 2009).
What’s the error?
REFERENCE LIST ENTRY (correct)
Marano, H. E. (2003, August 23). Procrastination: Ten
things to know. Retrieved August 3, 2007, from
http://psychologytoday.com/rss/
pto-20030823-000001.html
INTEXT CITATION
In some cases, procrastination may be a response to an
authoritative parenting style (http://psychologytoday.com).
INTEXT CITATION (correct)
In some cases, procrastination may be a response to an
authoritative parenting style (Marano, 2003).
What’s the error?
REFERENCE LIST ENTRY (correct)
Overcoming procrastination. (2004). Retrieved from Texas
Women’s University Counseling Center Web site:
http://www.twu.edu/counseling/self-help-library.asp
INTEXT CITATION
If a project seems overwhelming, “divide the task into small
steps” (TWU Counseling Center, 2004).
INTEXT CITATION (correct)
If a project seems overwhelming, “divide the task into
small steps” (“Overcoming,” 2004).
Details, details

Principle 1
•
•
•
•

What to quote
Block quotations
Placing parenthetical citations
No page number
Principle 2
• Finding information
• No author
• No date
What to Quote


Any words from
the original should
be quoted.
Exceptions
 common language


writ of habeas corpus
situational leadership
theory
 common knowledge


widely known
easily available
in standard
references
At least half the mystery
novels published violate
the law that the solution,
once revealed, must seem
to be inevitable.
—Raymond Chandler
Raymond Chandler declared
that readers should feel that
the solution of a mystery is
“inevitable.”
Quotations < 40 words

Set off someone else’s exact words
with quotation marks
 “Down these mean streets
a man must go who is not himself
mean, who is neither tarnished
nor afraid” (Chandler, 1945).
 Raymond Chandler (1945)
believed that a detective should
be “the best man in his world.”
Quotations 40+ words

Set off long quotations
as block quotations

Use a new line and
left indent instead of
quotation marks
Preview block quotes

Hint: Word will count words
if you highlight them and
choose Tools, Word Count.
The classic definition of a
detective comes from “The
Simple Art of Murder”:
Down these mean streets
.5" a man must go who is not himself
mean, who is neither tarnished nor
afraid. The detective in this kind of
story must be such a man. He is
the hero, he is everything….
He must be, to use a rather
weathered phrase, a man of
honor…. (Chandler, 1945)
Remember Intext Citations
Basic format: (Author, year, page or section head).
Researcherfocused
Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins
“where change begins” (p. 140).
Chronologyfocused
In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal
work in an emerging field. In 2003,
he proposed solutions to global problems in
Transforming Leadership.
Idea-focused
The innovator’s approach to leadership is
exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first
days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).
No Page # / Header?

If author/date are given in text,
that information is not repeated
within parentheses at the end.
 Use only stable page numbers.
 Use section headers for Internet
sources that have them (Steel,
n.d., My Definition, para. 1).
Stable page numbers
• book
• print version
• PDF
According to Tannen (1991), genuine
debate has been replaced by an
“argument culture” in which people
reflexively attack others’ positions.
no page number / header?
Source Reflective Statement

Add comment to show where source
material ends and your thoughts begin.
According to Tannen (1991), genuine debate has
been replaced by an “argument culture” in which
people reflexively attack others’ positions. Some
readers might assume that Tannen believes that
everyone should just try to get along, but she
makes it clear that her position is not so simplistic.
source-reflective statement
What about… no author?

Start with key words from title
 Use only as much as necessary
 Follow standard formatting




(“Personality,” 2008).
(Types of Procrastinators, 2005).
(“Procrastination,” 2008a)
(“Procrastination,” 2008b)
What about…many sources?

Separate with semicolon
 Alphabetize within citation
to match order of reference list
MULTIPLE CITATION
Most researchers emphasize the negative
consequences of procrastination (Ferarri, 2005;
Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).
What about…quoted quote?
 Ideally,
find the original
 Second-best: use as cited in to direct readers
to reference list entry
INDIRECT QUOTATION
Procrastinators trade “short term gain for long term pain”
according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008).
REFERENCE ENTRY
Kahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a mathematical
equation for why people procrastinate. The Telegraph.
Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
What about…no date?

Use n.d.
INTEXT
Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as
“to voluntarily delay an intended course
of action despite expecting to be worse
off for the delay.”
REFERENCE LIST
Steel, P. (n.d.). Definition. Retrieved
August 28, 2009, from Procrastination
Central Web site: http://procrastinus.com
What about…many authors?

Consult the Publication Manual, Table 6.1
What about…headings?

Consult the Publication Manual, Table 3.1
What is common knowledge?

Widely known information that no one “owns”


e.g.: T. Jefferson ordered Louisiana Purchase.
e.g.: A stitch in time saves nine.

Rule of thumb: information repeated in several
sources without attribution, or easily verified in
a general encyclopedia, is common knowledge
 Cautions


What is “common” varies by discipline
When in doubt, cite
Citations: Follow the model
What’s a DOI?
Resolve:
http://crossref.org
Mayer, D. (2007, June). Why write?
To impact patient care! Clinical
Journal of Oncology Nursing, 323.
Retrieved May 20, 2008.
doi:10.1188/07.CJON.323
A little help
When using any citation maker:
1. Choose the documentation style.
2. Select the type of source.
3. Enter the information you have.
4. Check the results against a reliable guide.
Citations: Cite Fast
www.citefast.com
Disclaimer
None are perfect.
Dig before leaving
a blank.
Citation Machine
Citation Machine (www.citationmachine.net)
Disclaimer
None are perfect.
Dig before leaving
a blank.
Video demo:
http://www.screencast.com/
t/MzI2N2FkZmY
NoodleBib Express
NoodleBib Express (www.noodletools.com)
Video demo:
http://www.screencast.com/
t/ZWMyN2JjNj
EBSCO
(Available at Cowles, DSM, URB, WDM)
Video demo:
http://www.screencast.com/
t/Y2QwOTE3Y
Bedford Bibliographer
http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/bbibliographer/
Has built-in hints
Is most accurate
Allows you to save, edit,
and export
Account is free
Dig Before Omitting
Author
• check beginning and end
of article
• visit the home page
• check links like “About Us”
• check beginning and end of article
• visit the home page
• check links like “About Us”
Where Info Hides
Author
• check beginning and end
of article
• visit the home page
Title
• distinguish site titles and
subheads from article titles
• check “About Us”
Date
• check beginning and
end of article
• look for “last updated”
• use most recent copyright
date (not 1997–2007)
• generally, title is closest
to article
• be alert to external links
Quality: Too much missing?

If several elements of a full citation are missing,
is the source credible enough to use?
Road rage and teens. (n.d.). Retrieved August
28, 2007, from http://www.angelfire.com/al/
alyplace/mystory.html
Sources for ALOP242
REFERENCE ENTRY
Pink, D. (2005). A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will
rule the future. New York. NY: Penguin.
INTEXT
(Pink, 2005)
Follow standard model
REFERENCE ENTRY
Pink, D. (2005). A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will
rule the future. New York, NY: Penguin.
INTEXT
(Pink, 2005)
Follow model w. tweak
REFERENCE ENTRY
Morin, E. (2001). The reform of thinking and education in the
twenty-first century. In J. Binde (Ed.), Keys to the 21st
century (pp. 202 - 205). Oxford, UK: Berghahn/UNESCO.
INTEXT (Morin, 2001)
Adapt monograph model
REFERENCE ENTRY
Gardner, H. (2007). Five minds for the future [summary].
Retrieved from http://www.execubooks.com
INTEXT
(Gardner, 2007)
Follow closest model
REFERENCE ENTRY
Goleman, D. (2000, March-April). Leadership that gets
results (Reprint 00204). Harvard Business Review,
pp. 78-90. Available from Harvard Business Publishing:
http://hbp.harvardbusiness.org/store/
INTEXT
(Goleman, 2000)
Adapt model
REFERENCE ENTRY
Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate
a light switch [Video file]. Video posted to
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs
INTEXT
(Norton, 2006)
Resources
http://apastyle.org
Resources
http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html
Resources
http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_o.html
or google Hacker APA query
word-crafter.net/APA
http://word-crafter.net/APA