Transcript WALS Seminar Reduplication

REDUPLICATION
Form, Function
Distribution
Carl Rubino
[email protected]
Part I
FORM
Two categories considered
Full (root) Reduplication:
Tagalog intensive verbs:
mag-isip
mag-isip-isip
‘to think’
‘to ponder (seriously)’
Nez Perce lexical (Aoki 1963:43)
temul ‘hail’ vs. temulté:mul ‘sleet’
Partial Reduplication
From lengthening/gemination to nearly full root:
Pangasinan (Austronesian, Philippines)
CV-: toó ‘man’ > totóo CV- ‘people’; amígo ‘friend’
-CV- amimígo ‘friends’;
CVC- báley ‘town’ > CVC- balbáley ‘towns’
C1V- plato ‘plate’ > C1V- papláto ‘plates’
CVCV- manók ‘chicken’ CVCV- > manómanók ‘chickens’
Ce- duég ‘carabao’ > Ce- deréweg ‘carabaos’. (Rubino 2001)
Reduplicative Productivity
Historical Loss, Ancient > Modern Greek
Ce- perfect, γé-γrapha ‘have written’
Modern periphrasitc equivalent éxo γrápsi (have + participial
form).’
Retained forms in learned words:
δe-δo-mena (Ce-give-mediopassive) ‘data’
γe-γon-os (Ce-become/happen-perfect) ‘event.’
Reduplicative Productivity (cont.)
Nonproductive reduplicative borrowing in
Greek
Tsir-tsiplakis ‘buck naked’
Cf. Turkish bem-beyaz ‘very white’
Brian Joseph, p.c.
Reduplicative Productivity (cont.)
Indonesian Ce- vs. Full
tua
tangga
laki
luhur
‘old’
‘ladder
‘male, husband’
‘noble’
tetua
tetangga
lelaki
leluhur
Full (Lexicalized + Inflectional)
mata
‘eye’
matamata
langit ‘sky’
langitlangit
gula
‘sugar’
gulagula
‘elders’
‘neighbor’
‘man’
‘ancestor’
‘spy’
‘ceiling’
‘sweets’
Universal?
Languages that productively employ partial
reduplication usually also employ full
reduplication. (Moravcsik 1978:328)
Squamish (Kuipers 1967):
total:
k *a'i5/k *ai5
'play hide and seek'
from the root
k *ai5
partial: s-l'll'lmut
from the singular
'old people'
s-l'lmu't
What part of base reduplicated?
Frequency of affix type: Prefixes > Suffixes > Infixes
Hunzib initial (N. Caucasian) CV(C) reduplication
bat’iyab
muáL
‘different’
‘after’
(Van den Berg 1995)
bat’bat’iyab
mu.muáL
‘very different’
‘much later’
Medial Reduplication
Choctaw (Muskogean) medial CV
reduplication (Kimball 1988:440)
tonoli
‘to roll’
tononoli
‘to roll back and forth’
binili
bininili
‘to sit’
‘to rise up and sit down’
Final Reduplication
Paumarí (Arawakan)
Final disyllabic reduplication (iterative):
a-odora-dora-bakhia-loamani-hi
1pl-gather.up-REDUP-frequently-really-theme ‘we
keep gathering them’
(Chapman et al 1991)
Characteristics of Reduplicated Material
• Number of phonemes in copy
• Number of syllables
• Number of repeated morae
e.g. Ngiyambaa (Australian), first syllable + light
second (not including final vowel lengthening or a
coda consonant) (Donaldson 1980):
magu-magu: ‘around one,’
dhala-dhalarbi-ya (REDUP-shine-PRS) ‘to be pretty
shiny’
Triplication
Number of times reduplicand is repeated
Mokilese (Harrison 1973):
roar
‘give a shudder’
roarroar
‘be shuddering’
roarroarroar
‘continue to shudder’
Formal nature of Reduplicand
Simple – copy does not differ from base
Complex – mismatch, extra material
Automatic – (in conjunction with other affix)
Complex Reduplication
Mangarayi Plurals (Australian, Merlan 1982)
Consonant of the second syllable + the vowel of the
first syllable are copied to form a new second
syllable in the derived word.
walima ‘young person’ > walalima ‘young people’;
yirag ‘father’ >
yirirag-ji ‘father and children’
Complex Reduplication (cont.)
• Tuvan Diminutives (Harrison 2001)
Copy of the entire base; s replaces initial C in
reduplicand. For bases that are vowel-initial, an
onset [s] is added to the reduplicand.
aar ‘heavy’ > aar-saar ‘heavy:diminutive’
uuruk-suuruk ‘simultaneously’
SEE ALSO ECHO CONTRUCTIONS
Complex Reduplication (cont.)
Nias (Austronesian)
Voicing with disyllabic reduplication:
a-fusi ‘white’
a-vuzi-vuzi ‘whitish’
Complex Reduplication (cont.)
Bisa Plural Verbs (C1 + raised V1-)
(Burkina Faso, Prost 1950:53)
to (walk on, sg.)
ba (do)
naso (catch)
son (insult)
gar (pull)
tuto (walk on, pl.)
biba
nénaso
suson
gigar
Discontinuous Reduplication
Alamblak intensives (Sepik-Ramu, Bruce 1984)
ba joins reduplicated constituents:
hingna-marNa-ba-marNa-mër
work-RED-ba-straight-R.Pst-3sm
‘he worked very well’ (Bruce 1984).
Discontinuous Reduplication (cont.)
Dholuo Mitigating Reduplication
(Omondi 1982:87)
prefix + root + suffix > word + a + root + a
.rech (fish)
.rech .arecha (any, mere fish)
tedo (cook)
tedo atédâ (just cooking)
nyóro (yesterday) nyóro anyórâ (only yesterday)
Automatic Reduplication
Ilocano Pretentatives (aginCV-):
singpet
agin-si-singpet
baknang
agim-ba-baknang
‘virtue’
‘pretend to be virtuous’
‘wealth’
‘pretend to be rich’
Some Reduplicative Constraints
(on the form of the reduplicand)
A. Phonological
B. Morphological/Lexical
Phonological Constraints
Nukuoro (Caroline Islands, Carroll 1965)
Singular Actor vs Plural Actor
[Initial gemination vs. Devoicing of Stops]
seni ‘sleep’
sseni ‘sleep, plural actor’
gahu ‘cover up’
kahu
noho ‘stay’
nnoho
lele ‘fly’
llele
bole ‘bawl out’
pole
modo ‘unripe’
mmodo
gada ‘smile’
kada
And:
huge ‘open, plural goal’ vs. hhuge ‘open, singular goal’
Phonological Constraints (cont.)
Majang (Eastern Sudanic, SW Ethiopia, Unseth)
Monosyllabic roots = CVDisyllabic roots = -CV- from CV- of final syllable
3s present continuous verb forms, with -ng 3s suffix
Monosyllabic Roots - Reduplicative Prefix
ngaar- (go)
ngaa-ngaar-ng (ng = N velar nasal)
Disyllabic Roots - Reduplicative Infix
turku (invert)
turkuku-ng
jumur (answer)
jumumur-ng
Lexical Constraints (Word Classes)
Ilocano Plurals
High Frequency Animates (-C-)
babai (girl)
babbai (girls)
ubing (child)
ubbing (children)
Proper Nouns (CV-)
kabsat (sibling)
kakabsat (siblings)
gayyem (friend)
gagayyem (friends)
Common Nouns (Distributive CVC-)
balay (house)
balbalay (houses)
tawa (window)
tawtawa (windows)
Part II
FUNCTION
With Verbs and Adjectives
Number (plurality, distribution, collectivity)
Distribution of an argument
Tense; aspect (continued or repeated
occurrence; completion; inchoativity);
Attenuation, intensity
Transitivity (valence, object defocusing)
Reciprocity
Verbs, Adjectives (cont.)
Alabama (Muscogean, Hardy et al 1988)
(Vowel lengthening temporary vs. permanent distinction)
loca ‘to be black (covered in soot)’
lóoca ‘to be a black person’ as well as attenuation via
Attenuating Gemination:
kasatka ‘cold’ > kássatka ‘cool’
lamatki ‘straight’ lámmatki ‘pretty straight’.
Verbs, Adjectives, cont.
Luiseño Iteratives (Uto-Aztecan, Kroeber et al 1960)
lawi ‘to make a hole’
law-lawi ‘to make two holes, make a hole twice’
lawa-láwi ‘to make many holes, more than two’
Verbs, Adjectives (cont.)
Lampung Intensives (Austronesian, Walker 1976)
Different degrees of intensity iconically match
reduplicated form:
balak-balak
xa-xabay
‘very large’
‘somewhat afraid’
Verbs, Adjectives (cont.)
Arapesh (Torricelli, Dobrin 2001)
intensify or distribute the meaning of an action, often
implying carelessness or lack of control on the
part of the agent:
su ‘touch, hold’ susu ‘touch all over, paw’
ripok ‘cut’ riripok ‘hack up’
Verbs, Adjectives (cont.)
Transitivity
Dixon (1988:48): Reduplication is the only
way of deriving an intransitive (S verb)
from a transitive “O” verb.
Transitive:
cula ‘sew’ (O verb)
Reduplicated Intransitive: cula-cula ‘sew away’
With Nouns
Number (and Distributivity)
Case
Indefiniteness
Reciprocity
Size (diminutives or augmentatives)
Associatives
With Nouns (cont.)
Case
Chukchi Absolutive Singulars (ChukotkoKamchatkan, Dunn 2001)
jokwa-t (eider.duck-pl) ‘eider ducks’
jokwa-jow (eider.duck-rdp[abs.sg]) ‘eider duck,
absolutive’
With Nouns (cont.)
Ilocano Reciprocals (Austronesian)
ngiwat
‘mouth’
ngiwanngiwat ‘mouth to mouth’
Yokuts Associatives (Penutian, Newman 1944)
k’his ‘buttocks’
k’k’his ‘one with large buttocks’
With Numbers
Collectives, distributives, multiplicatives,
and limitatives:
Pangasinan limitatives tal-talora ‘only three’
Ao Naga distributives (Tibeto-Burman) final CVC
reduplication asem ‘three’ > asemsem ‘three each’, ténet
‘seven’ > ténetnet ‘seven each’ (Gowda 1975:39).
With numbers (cont.)
Ilocano Numeral Morphology
Indefinite Numbers: (sumagCV-)
sumag-li-lima ‘about five’
Distributives: (sagCV-)
sag-li-lima ‘five each’
Limitatives: (CVC-)
lim-lima ‘only five’
Alteration of Word Class
Kayardild (Pama-Nyungan, Evans 1995)
kandu ‘blood’ > kandukandu ‘red’
Luiseño (Uto-Aztecan, Kroeber et al 1960)
lepi ‘to tan, soften’ > lepé-lpi-s&
‘pliable’
Tigak (Austronesian, Beaumont 1979)
giak ‘send’ > gigiak ‘messenger’
Alteration of Word Class (cont.)
Nama Causatives (Hagman 1977:18)
!óm ‘difficult’ > !óm!om ‘make something
difficult’
Note that high tone lowers to mid in
reduplicand
References
Beaumont, Clive H. 1979. The Tigak language of New Ireland. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
Brown, Lea. in press. Nias. In Himmelmann, N. and K. Adelaar (eds.) The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Curzon Press.
Bruce, Les. 1984. The Alamblak Language of Papua New Guinea (East Sepik). Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 81. Canberra: Australian National University.
Carroll. 1965. An Outline of the Structure of the Language of Nukuoro. Wellington, NZ: Polynesian Society.
Chapman, Shirley, and Desmond C. Derbyshire. 1990. Paumari. In Desmond C. Derbyshire and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds., Handbook of Amazonian Languages, Vol. 3,
pp. 161-352. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Dobrin, Lise. 2001. Arapesh. In Garry, Jane and Carl Rubino (eds.).
Donaldson, Tamsin. 1980. Ngiyambaa, the language of the Wangaaybuwan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dunn, Michael. 2001. A Grammar of Chukchi. Australian National University Ph.D. Thesis.
Evans, Nicholas. 1995. A grammar of Kayardild : with historical-comparative notes on Tangkic. Berlin ; New York : M. de Gruyter, 1995.
Garry, Jane, and Carl Rubino. 2001. (eds.) Encyclopedia of the World’s Languages: Past and Present. New York/Dublin: H. W. Wilson Press.
Harrison, S. P. 1973. Reduplication in Micronesian Languages. Oceanic Linguistics 12:1:2:407-454.
Himmelmann, N. and K. Adelaar (eds.) in press. The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Curzon Press.
Kroeber, A. L. and G. W. Grace. 1960. The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Merlan, Francesca. 1982. Mangarayi. Lingua Descriptive Studies 4. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Moravcsik, Edith A. 1978. Reduplicative Constructions. in Greenberg, Joseph (ed). Universals of Human Languages. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Newman, Stanley. 1944. The Yokuts Language of California. New York: Johnson Reprint Co.
Omondi, Lucia Ndong’a. 1982. The Major Syntactic Structures of Dholuo. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
Prost, Andre. 1950. La Langue Bisa: Grammaire et Dictionnaire. Ouagadougou: Centre Ifan.
Rubino, Carl. 2000. Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Rubino, Carl. 2001. Pangasinan. In Garry, Jane and Carl Rubino (eds.).
Van den Berg, Helma. 1995. A Grammar of Hunzib. Lincom Studies in Caucasian Linguistics 1. Munich: Lincom Europa.
Walker, Dale F. 1976. Grammar of the Lampung Language. Jakarta: NUSA.