Transcript Linguistics 460

Li6
Prosodic Phonology
Today’s points
• Phonological rules and constraints make
reference to prosodic categories (syllable,
mora, foot, stress, etc.)
– they also can provide evidence for the precise
inventory of syllables, etc. in a given language
• Prosodic phenomena show many of the
same processes as other autosegmental
phenomena (spreading, delinking, etc.)
The Minimal Word
• Reduplication in African French (common
across Niger to Mali)
– Saying the price of something twice means “so
much per item”
• cinquante cinquante ‘50 francs per item’
– Minimal Word effect:
• dix francs dix francs ‘10 per’, not *dix dix
• cent francs cent francs ‘100 per’, not *cent cent
• vingt-cinq vingt-cinq ‘25 per’, not *vingt-cinq francs
vingt-cinq francs
• Osaka Japanese
• Tigranakert Armenian verbs
Reduplication
• Ilokano
• Mokilese
• Marshallese
Ilokano
root
reduplicated form
a. basa
agbasbasa
adal
agadadal
dait (2 σ)
agdadait
takder
agtaktakder
trabaho
agtrabtrabaho
b. klase
klasklase
kaldiŋ
kalkaldiŋ
pusa
puspusa
Hypotheses:
• copy first X segments
• copy first X syllables
• copy everything
gloss
read
study
sew
standing
work
class
goat
cat
Mokilese
root
reduplicated form
kas kaskas
poki pokpoki
wadek
wadwadek
pdok
pdpdok
pa
pāpa
diar
dīdiar
gloss
throw
beat
read
plant
weave
find
Marshallese
base
a. wit
hat
wač
b. riyig
ĵehet
kagir
‘wear X’
witwit
hathat
wačwač
riyigyig
ĵehethet
kagirgir
gloss
flower
hat
watch
ring
shirt
belt
Truncations
• normal pattern (truncate R)
– Catherine  Cath, Cathy
– Lester  Les, not *Lest (cf. frus)
• Truncate L side:
– [fre]shmen,
[we]blog,
[atti]tude,
[Hurri]Canes, [po]taters
– [mu]shroom, [hy]dro (type of ganja),
[be]tween[ager], [a]fro, [tele]phone,
[hair]do-rag
• subtleties:
– Montgomery  Monty not *Montgy
– Victoria  Vicky, not *Victy
– streptococcus  strep (*strept)
Do-rag
Armenian hypocoristics
full name
aĵ
vard
mariam
mkrtič
stepan
andranik
arnak
bagrat
nickname
aĵo
vardo
maro
mko
tepo
ando
arno
bago
Deriving hypocoristics
σ + -o
1
4
underlying form of the Armenian
nickname morpheme
σ + -o
2
1
2
3
andranik
map base name to syllable
template L→R
3
σ + -o
x xn xi kx
a n d xr a
delete unsyllabified base
material
σ
and-o
incorporate the -o morpheme
5
σσ
and-o
resyllabify
Prosodic Circumscription
• requirement that morphological processes
only apply to forms meeting certain prosodic
requirements (e.g. minimal word).
P.C. in Ulwa
• Nicaragua; Hale and Lacayo Blanco 1988
base
possessed form
gloss
a. al
alka
man
bas
baska
hair
kī
kīka
stone
b. sana
sanaka
deer
amak
amakka
bee
sapā
sapāka
forehead
c. sūlu
sūkalu
dog
kuhbil
kuhkabil
knife
baskarna
baskakarna
comb
d. siwanak
siwakanak
root
anālāka
anākalāka
chin
karasmak
karaskamak
knee
Some practice
Yidiñ reduplication
singular
mulari
tjukarpa
kintalpa
kalampaRa
plural
mulamulari
tjukartjukarpa-n
kintalkintalpa
kalakalampaRa
gloss
initiated man
unsettled mind
lizard species
March fly
Japanese hypocoristics
Name
ti
syuusuke
yoosuke
taizoo
kiNsuke
midori
wasaburoo
Nickname
tii-čaN
syuu-čaN
yoo-čaN
tai-čaN
kiN-čaN
mii-čaN ~ mit-čaN ~ mido-čaN
waa-čaN ~ wasa-čaN ~ sabu-čaN
Manam
base
salaga
moita
?arai
la?o
malaboŋ
?ulan
reduplicant
salagalaga
moitaita
?arairai
la?ola?o
malabomboŋ
?ulanlaŋ
gloss
long
knife
ginger species
go
flying fox
desire
Kinande
ku-gulu-gulu
mu-twe-mu-twe
mw-ana-mw-ana
m-buli-m-buli
n-dwa-n-dwa-n-dwa
swa-swa-swa
[tu-gotseri: no RED]
real leg
real head
real child
real sheep
real wedding
real cabbage
*real sleepiness
Japanese rustic girls’ names
Name
Yuu-ko
RaN-ko
Yuki-ko
Kinu-e
Midori
rustic nickname
o-Yuu
o-RaN
o-Yuki
o-Kinu
o-Mido
Luganda hypocoristics
• Katamba 1995:249
• How are the tones and segments assigned?
full name
hypocoristic
Nàmúsóké
Náàmú
Nákíjóbáà
Náàkí
Sékásózì
Séèká
Gòdìfùlé
Góòdí
Sàmwéèlí
Sáàmú
Kàtéégáyáà
Káàté
Kyòòtónnályáà Kyóòtó
Sanskrit reduplicated aorist
• Whitney 1889:309ff
– green = base
– blue = reduplicant
• How does the reduplication work?
– Prefix or suffix?
– Short or long vowel?
– Prediction for CCVCC roots?
• a-rī-riş-am, a-dū-duş-am
• a-či-kşip-am, a-ti-tras-am
• a-di-dīkş-am, a-da-dakş-am, a-da-dhāv-am
Conclusions
• Independence of prosodic and segmental
structure
– Part of the theory of autosegmental phonology
• Phonological rules and constraints can be
sensitive to prosodic structure
• Morphemes do not always have segmental
content; they may just be prosodic templates