Transcript Slide 1
Biomedical Publishing 101
Communicating research findings through the publication process
SAPPORO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
September 7, 2011
Norman Frankel, Licensing Consultant ([email protected]) © 2011 The Chicago Collaborative/Version 4
Published by the Chicago Collaborative and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License .
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at www.chicago-collaborative.org
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• • • •
Objectives
Learn about the publishing cycle of STM journals Gain knowledge of the value added by publishers to scholarly communication Examine the complexities of publishing in a dual format and multimedia environment Appreciate that no two publishers are alike in their approaches to publishing
Outline of Today
’
s Program
• • • • • • • •
The Current Biomedical Publishing Landscape The Publishing Process Publication Ethics Production & Delivery Licensing Practical Considerations The Big Picture The Road Ahead
• • • •
The Current Biomedical Publishing Landscape
Society publishers (not-for-profit) Commercial publishers University presses (not-for-profit) Hybrid model (contract publishing) – – society retains editorial control production, marketing and distribution outsourced to commercial, society or university press publisher
• • •
The Role of Biomedical Journal Publishers: Core Responsibilities
Validate and disseminate research results Establish high quality standards – ethical policies – peer review Selection & editing – Facilitate access to and maximize usability of content – maintain state-of-the art delivery and file format – collaborate in the development of community tools
The Role of STM Journal Publishers:
Associated Responsibilities & Functions
• • • • • Manage author and publisher rights and permissions Comply with industry standards and government policies Maintain digital archiving and preservation strategies Partner with authors, readers and librarians to develop and implement techniques to improve and expedite scientific communication Ongoing investment in publication process innovation
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The Role of STM Journal Publishers: Community Benefits
Create a unique community for authors/readers – defined scope – quality seal of approval – discoverability Provide a measure of the researcher ’ s productivity and influence – vital to career path – vital for funding of continuing research
• • • • • • • • • • •
Biomedical Publishing: The Key Players
Authors Scientific editors Editorial board Peer reviewers/referees Editorial department – copyeditors – journal supervisors Art/design department Compositor/printer Online host Marketing and sales departments Rights and permissions Archivists (third party)
THE PUBLISHING PROCESS
The following processes and staffing vary from publisher to publisher
The Editorial Team
(responsible for content selection)
• • • • • Editor Associate/deputy/regional editors Editorial board Reviewers/referees Editor ’ s assistant/managing editor
The editor and editorial board have editorial independence and are solely responsible for content selection.
The Author: Manuscript Submission
• Submits/uploads manuscript to publisher-provided web-based peer review system • Comply with Publisher guidelines, e.g. – – authorship ’ s Instructions to Authors, which provide detailed manuscript submission and preparation ethical policy and COI disclosure – – – figure and data submission manuscript type content suitability
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The Author: Manuscript Submission
Manuscript components checked by staff for compliance (usually just prior to acceptance) • Guidelines strive to ensure the integrity of the published work • Sample Instructions to Authors, (continuously updated): – http://jama.ama-assn.org/misc/ifora.dtl
– – – http://www.cell.com/authors http://www.jneurosci.org/misc/ifa_prepare.dtl
http://endo.endojournals.org/misc/itoa.shtml
• • • •
A Peek at Peer Review
More than three centuries old Peer review norm adopted at different times in different fields, and different locations Today essentially synonymous with scholarly journal publishing In medicine dates only from the mid 1940s
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The Typical Peer Review Process
Manuscript submission – usually via online system – date-stamp the research of a particular author to establish priority and precedence Step one: initial review by intake editor – fundamental questions: • Is it appropriate for the scope of the journal?
– • • • Does it present new research findings?
Other articles on the same topic?
What is the journal ’ s capacity at present?
may either reject or move forward
•
The Typical Peer Review Process
Step two: assignment to ‘ decision ’ editor – assigns article to 2-3 reviewers – art, statistics and text reviewed for quality and authenticity • The final step: outcome options with final decision made by editor – – – acceptance rejection (on scientific or ethical grounds acceptance (with minor or major revisions)
Article Revision & Resubmission
• • • Upon conclusion of review . . . authors may be asked to revise their manuscript before it receives further consideration Typical requests: – – rewriting additional research Author ’ s options: – – revise and resubmit submit to another journal
• • •
New Peer Review Tools & Procedures
Clinical Trial Registry – per 9/16/2004 International Committee of Medical Journal Editors joint statement, ICMJE member journals now require, as a condition of consideration for publication, registration in a public trials registry, on or before onset of patient enrollment (N Engl J Med 351;12,1250) – URL: ClinicalTrials.gov
Statistical Review – manuscripts also often go through one or more rounds of statistical review – some journals may require independent statistical analysis Reporting Conflicts of Interest, Financial Aspects of Research and Role of Sponsors in Funded Studies – http://jama.ama-assn.org/misc/editpolicy.dtl
• • •
Peer Review in the News
Infrequently – considering 1.25 million primary research and review articles published per year across all disciplines Preconditions – publication of flawed research – ethics violations on a newsworthy topic (e.g., cloning) – Possible results – public shaming of the culprit – – adverse publicity for the publication involved and its editorial staff a brief flurry of public discussion
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A Recent Example: Human Cloning
Hwang Woo-suk et al, “ Patient-Specific Embryonic Stem Cells Derived From Human SCNT Blastocysts, ” Science, May 2005 – – – claim: team had made stem cell lines from skin cells of 11 people hailed as a scientific breakthrough on publication declared “ an intentional fabrication ” by Seoul National University panel, December 2005
An Example: Peer Review Failure?
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The peer review process is not designed to detect deliberate fraud
• Failure occurs when a published article that has been subjected to peer review contains obvious errors that undermine one or more of its main conclusions
Rejection
Adapted from a figure by Dale Benos
Completion of research Preparation of manuscript Submission of manuscript Assignment and review Decision Acceptance
PUBLICATION!
Revision Resubmission Re-review Rejection 21
PUBLICATION ETHICS
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Publication Ethics: What Are the Issues?
Data fabrication/falsification – changing or making up data in a manuscript; intended to “ improve ” the results Unacceptable figure manipulation – Altering or changing any specific feature within an image Duplicate/redundant publication – submission of or publication of the same paper or substantial parts of a paper in more than one place Human/animal welfare concerns – treatment of experimental subjects that does not conform with accepted standards and journal policy
• • • •
Publication Ethics: What Are the Issues?
Authorship disputes – disputes arising from the addition, deletion or change of authors Plagiarism/self-plagiarism – taking the work of another or copying one ’ s own – work copying a figure, table or even wording from a published or unpublished paper without attribution to one ’ s own or another ’ s work Conflicts of interest (COI) – real or perceived conflict due to employment, consulting, or investment in entities with an interest in the outcome of the research Others – reviewer bias; reviewer misappropriation of privileged information – duplicate submission
• • • • •
Ethical Policies
Publishers set clearly-stated policies – while publisher policies vary, authors found to have violated these policies are subject to a variety of actions, from the issuance of Corrigenda, retractions, and up to and including notification of their institution and/or sanctions for the most Some publication ethical policies – APS: www.the-aps.org/publications/journals/apsethic.htm
– AAAS: www.sciencemag.org/about/authors/prep/gen_info.dtl
Many publishers exert extensive efforts on furthering research integrity through compliance with ethical policies, both in staff and editor time Membership organizations providing guidance and support on publications ethics – Committee on Publications Ethics (COPE); http://publicationethics.org – Council of Science Editors (CSE); www.councilscienceeditors.org
Office of Research Integrity (ORI) for ethical publication violations for manuscripts funded by NIH ); http://ori.dhhs.gov
Incidence of Cases of Ethical Misconduct at the APS 2005-09
Recommended Resource
CSE ’ s White Paper on Promoting Integrity in Scientific Journal Publications 2009 Update www.CouncilScienceEditors.org
(available free of charge)
PRODUCTION & DELIVERY
Post-acceptance Publication Process
Figures checked for authenticity Accepted , unedited manuscript published Figures edited/redrawn; manuscript copyedited Author marks, returns proof Page proofs emailed to author and copyeditor Ms to compositor Pagination and final corrections Issue posted online and print issue mailed 29
• • • •
Copyediting/Quality Control
Transfer of accepted manuscript from journal editor to publisher to put into production May be internal or outsourced – cost vs. speed vs. quality control Assign DOI Quality & processing control tasks – style consistency, minor rewriting • require author & reviewer approval – – – – attention to grammar, spelling, punctuation, prose XML format for text non-text elements • math & formulas • • tables & charts halftones proofreading
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Production
Proceeding from typeset, copyedited electronic manuscript – tracking author proofs + corrections – – – – – process for “ in-press ” article release online assign further identifiers relative to issue make-up (e.g., volume/issue/page numbers) proceed with issue make-up • non-editorial content (e.g., front & back matter, covers, ads) release final article for online database forward to printer
SGM file
NLM XML
The content of meals consumed after exercise can impact metabolic responses for hours and even days after the exercise session. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of low dietary carbohydrate (CHO) vs. low energy intake in meals after exercise on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism the next day. Nine healthy men participated in four randomized trials. During the control trial (CON) subjects remained sedentary. During the other three trials, subjects exercised [65% peak oxygen consumption (V̇ 1School of Kinesiology and ; 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Submitted 28 September 2009; accepted in final form 28 December 2009 The content of meals consumed after exercise can impact metabolic responses for hours and even days after the exercise session. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of low dietary carbohydrate (CHO) vs. low energy intake in meals after exercise on insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism the next day. Nine healthy men participated in four randomized trials. During the control trial (CON) subjects remained sedentary. During the other three trials, subjects exercised [65% peak oxygen consumption ( • • • DOI Linking: http://dx.doi.org/ Highwire Link: http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/108/3/554 PUBMED Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044472?dopt=Ab stract • • • • Online: HTML and PDF – – complete issue release article-by-article: publish when ready Print: PDF Mobile devices – multiple software requirements E-prints/reprints – – authors non-authors Options for Current & Future Product Offerings Books Audio Book Chapters DIGITAL ARCHIVE Graphics Journal Articles Book Series EDITING, APPROVAL & PRODUCTION Reference Works Digital Collections Journal issue Journal article Video • Printing options Large print runs (5000+) Medium print runs (approx 1500+) Small print runs – digital (50+) – print on demand • Signatures – pages printed on large sheets of paper which are folded, collated, bound & trimmed) – – 8, 16 or 32 pages per signature not relevant to digital • Covers – printed separately on heavier/coated stock • • Publisher versions – post acceptance, interim publication (e-only) – – – final publication (multiple formats) preprint (only some publishers) (e-only in IR) Version of Record (VOR) • **typically the final electronic version Other sources – PubMed Central – – – institutional repository pre-print servers author web site • • • • Content moves from library stacks to digital platform – shifts responsibilities from the library to the publisher or host site Online delivery platforms – self-host (ScienceDirect, Wiley Interscience) – outsource (HighWire, Ovid, BioOne, Atypon) Archive provisions – in-house – external (e.g., Portico, JSTOR, LOCKSS) Disaster recovery strategy • • • • • • • • • • • 90% of STM journals are online* Benefits both teaching and research Access to more content than ever before Improved delivery time – article-by-article release rather than by issue 24/7 access: anytime & anywhere – mobile devices enhance this benefit Reference links: open up endless navigation possibilities Publisher competition to enhance the user experience Social networking/subject community possibilities Giving customers what they expect – especially younger audience: “ If it ’ s not online, – it doesn ’ t exist ” reading more articles but spending less reading time per article: Renear and Palmer, Science, 325, 828 (2009) *2008 AAP Industry Statistics Report/PSP Journals • • • • • • • Consortia & university system collections expand – especially medium and small academic libraries Global licensing and access for corporate customers National or state-wide licensing and access for government agency libraries Simultaneous access – current journal issues + books & reference works Saves on space & staff time No missing/delayed/damaged issues: instant check-in Usage data gathering for analysis & collection management – understand/better serve users • • • • Develop new pricing and packaging models to compensate for shrinking library budgets – reach new niche markets Usage data – understand/analyze customer base – – better editorial analysis marketing capabilities Content can be used in new & innovative ways – repackaging – – customization per customer/geographic/discipline sector data mining & semantic publishing for future re-mixing and retrieval Industry standardization benefits everybody – CrossRef • DOI – • CrossCheck and CrossMark interoperability enhances everyone experience ’ s content and platform by providing a better user • Site Licensing - Site wide access to books, journals • Translated Edition Licensing -Publishers translate their jrs and provide access to other countries in the local language • Aggregator/third party licensing - Third party, e.g. an aggregator, provides access to secondary content • Organization-wide, 24/7 access to one title or a collection of titles • May come with or without a print copy • The “ tiered ” pricing model is the most common among publishers • We will use the Pediatrics model as an illustration • 4 Tiers- Academic, Medical, Public/Non-Profit and Corporate tiers • The tier, and the level within each tier, determine an institution ’ s SL price. • A medical school is a level 3 academic tier; A small law firm is a level 3 corporate tier. Both pay the same price. 1. Primary/Secondary school 2. Undergraduate or master ’ s level college/university 3. PhD-granting research university 3. Medical school 5. University consortium or shared network 1. Private practice office or clinic 2. Nursing school or allied health program 2. Community hospital or clinic 3. Major teaching or research hospital 5. Health care network (multisite shared access) 1. Non-research public library 2. Independent research library 2. Small non-profit or government library 2. Health policy or advocacy non profit 2. Local or regional government agency/ministry 2. Charitable organization 2. Professional society or trade union 2. Industry trade association 4. Large non-profit gov. research institute or national gov agency 5. State or national site license 5. Society, agency, or ministry wide license (multi-site shared access) 3. Small for-profit organization (small consulting partnership, law firm) 4. Mid-size for-profit organization (e.g., regional or national corporation) or large for-profit single site 5. Global or multi-site licensing Pediatrics Pricing Tiers Pricing Tier SL wPrint SL LA wPrint LA 1 2 3 4 SL= Site License LA= Limited Access $611 $1,220 $1,833 $2,446 $549 $1,098 $1,649 $2,201 $477 $528 $597 $712 $433 $471 $540 $641 • • • • • Many US and British publishers reach out to their colleagues overseas through licensed editions (print and/or online). Licensed editions, both translated or in English, provide selected articles to local markets. Access is provided to those who normally cannot afford a subscription to the primary edition. Publicizes research performed in the US and encourages local researchers to submit their work to the primary edition. American Academy of Family Physicians, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, British Medical Journal and many others provide licensed options. • Journal of Clinical Oncology published by the American Society for Clinical Oncology http://jco.ascopubs.org/site/translations/home.xhtml • Maximum number of local editions all coordinated by a Deputy Editor for International Editions, working with the ASCO International Affairs Committee, and who reports directly to the Editor-in-Chief of the “ home ” publication http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/29/12/local/ed board.pdf • Program is in growth mode and additional editions are vigorously pursued and will be produced • Eleven translated and four English-language editions: Chinese, Czech/Slovak, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Turkish • JCO encourages their translation publishing partners to send their article files for posting to the “ home ” JCO site • The same access controls are used for the translations as for the English versions • Many, or perhaps most, other publishers do not fully integrate their local edition into their overall business • ASCO includes the local language editions as part of their core business strategy • Local editors select articles most relevant to their respective markets • The Deputy Editor for International Editions is located in Paris. Most communication is via e-mail. He approves all line ups based on a set of criteria that he and the Editor-in-Chief developed along w/staff. • One yearly meeting with all the ASCO international editors at the ASCO Annual Meeting • Most of the ASCO international editions are print only • A few, such as Italian are online only • None of the JCO international publishers publish in both print and online. If they wished to invest the resources they would be permitted to do so • The online versions linked to the JCO site are really a service for paid subscribers who wish to read what s/he can in his own language • American Heart Association publishes 11 primary journals • Primary goal of the AHA local edition program is to expand visibility and market penetration • Secondary goal is to generate revenue • Editions are considered whenever a local sponsor can be located • All AHA local editions are sponsored Local translated editions available in Hungary, France, Turkey, Japan, Poland, Spain, China and Korea Local English language editions available in Egypt and the Gulf Wolters Kluwer, the AHA contract publisher, manages the program • The ACP publishes Annals of Internal Medicine • Small local local edition program • Local editions for Mexico and Central America in Spanish by Intersistemas • Local edition for India in English done by Aramuc • All are print editions; no online editions • The ACP publishes Annals of Internal Medicine • Small local local edition program • Local editions for Mexico and Central America in Spanish by Intersistemas • Local edition for India in English done by Aramuc • All are print editions; no online editions • Since 2001, the full text of selected articles from weekly issues of NEJM, have been translated by and included in the China Medical Tribune. • This was a major change in the NEJM local edition strategy which, until this point, did not make its full text available in locally translated language editions • Chinese physicians and Ministry of Health personnel who are conversant in English do the translations NEJM also has an on-site editor working in China to make certain that the translation meets Journal standards When the venture was launched in 2001 the primary goal of the CMT translation was to increase distribution rather than make a profit. Profitability is now one of the important goals Abstracts are translated in other countries, including Spain, Germany, and Korea • Aggregators: Companies that bundle books, journals, databases and other information into online-content subscriptions • Most common aggregators include Ovid, EBSCO, ProQuest, Dialog, Gale/Cengage, Westlaw, LexisNexis, WebMD • Aggregators allow publishers to reach non-core markets and provide supplemental revenue stream • Wide array of databases in the sciences, medicine, social sciences, humanities and finance • Provide libraries with one portal to access numerous products • Ease of use • In-depth coverage of international, national and other legal sources • In the US every law school and law firm has access to one or both of the databases • Complex and well organized system to access laws, statues and court decisions • Rated as the most popular site for doctors in the US • Most publishers do not allow their full text to appear on WebMD because the economic return is quite small • Also referred to as “ decision support ” tools • Developed for physicians who need reliable information quickly • Many physicians have grown accustomed to reading digested summaries of evidence to guide them in their clinical thinking and decision making • POC services make a physician ’ s retrieval of evidence easier • POC resources are small compared to the millions of citations in MEDLINE and Google Scholar • POC tools tend to answer broad clinical questions Most POC services include at least the following features: • Synthesis of current evidence for treatment and drugs • Means for rapid consultation at the point of patient care • Evidence-based, frequently updated information with links to relevant literature • Drug information, ICD coding, basic information for patients, provision for links to electronic health records ACP PIER BMJ Clinical Evidence EBSCO Dynamed Epocrates First Consult OvidMD UpToDate Third Party Licensing Point-of-Care Services –Epocrates Extensive market penetration Focus is almost exclusively on drugs -Clinical information on prescription medicines and OTC products -Formulary information; drug interaction checker Over 500,000 subscribers worldwide; 1 in 4 US physicians and more than 1 in 3 US medical students Third Party Licensing Point-of-Care Services –OvidMD • Launched May 2011 • Slick interface and easy to use • Provides access to publications included in the Ovid aggregator service • Provides access to UpToDate and other POC services to users with paid subscriptions • Evidence based • Largest, by far, of all the POC services -High penetration of the medical school and practicing physician market • Covers over 8,300 topics in 16 major clinical areas • More than 4,400 physicians serve as authors, editors and peer reviewers • Definition: Unified portal through which all library resources (digital and print) can be accessed *Material from outside the collection is excluded • The most prominent discovery services in the US include: --EBSCO Discovery Service --ProQuest Summon --OCLC WorldCat • Definition: Gateway services, offered by many subscription agents, facilitate access to and use of titles on a Publisher ’ s web site (No full text) • As with the old print subscription agency catalogs, gateway services facilitate ordering and renewal of subscriptions • Examples: --EBSCO Gateway --SwetsWise The Web has spawned many new business enterprises Unproven Weak business models or none at all Examples: DeepDyve, PubGet • STM article rental service using iTunes model Per article, weekly and monthly rental plans available • Focus is untapped “ knowledge worker ” market outside of typical subscribing institutions • Articles converted to Flash format and this prevents downloading and printing • More efficient searching tool • PubGet allows searching and accessing of PDFs • PubGet offers libraries ability to gain access via institutional subscriptions (modified portal/discovery service) • PubGet is a PDF browser • Also includes the application of advertising to the site. • PDF availability depends on whether user already has subscription access to view them • Primarily an ebook reader but STM publishers are using it to deliver subscriptions • Considered an experiment by participating STM journal publishers • Is it a new business or business moving from other media? • Google – the ultimate distribution channel • Owns no content • Not responsible for filling customer orders • Links to literally anything • Not clear now a journal publisher can make money from Google as Google already sends users to the basic citation and abstract information • Google has done its job by delivering users to the article through its linking system; then out of the picture • • • Decision makers – editorial, marketing, finance, society, sales Position of individual journal – – – established/new? competitive environment expanding/contracting discipline (page projections) Package pricing – – consortia aggregation platforms/third party licensing • • • • Publisher sales & site-licensing team for institutional sales – direct sales to libraries – internal contact for subscription agents, aggregators or other third party vendors Additional sales & distribution channels – pay-per-view, bundling, subject subsets – – sales to individuals member access Support & help desk functions – hours of operation 24/7 (?) Access control & authentication administration • • • • • • • • Points of Access login (UN/PW) IP range proxy server federated sign-on – e.g., Shibboleth consortia user third-party agent geolocation PPV • • • • • • • • Content Configurations date ranges own vs. access model calendar year, rolling year society access/content library allowances bundles open access content PPV conditions & time entitlements SALES SUPPORT Analysis Call Prep Sales Call Negotiation Agreement License E-FULFILLMENT Contract Invoice Electronic Entitlement HELPDESK New Considerations & Decisions • • • Print advertising in decline, but still a significant revenue source* – – advertising = 4% of all STM revenues in all STM journals biomedical journals account for vast majority of that base/pharmaceutical industry – online advertising = 0.9% of all advertising revenue Online advertising increasing, but not approaching print levels Reprint sales declining* – 2006: 13.1%, 2007: 9.4%; 2008: 9.1% *2008 AAP Industry Statistics Report/PSP Journals • • • • • New Considerations & Decisions Regional restrictions – – brand names government regulations – product approval & availability Society/editorial guidelines and approval processes – commercial ads (e.g., no ads on article pages), society ads, publisher ads Integration w/ eTOC, alerts, searches, interstitial ads Sponsorship of subscriptions, topic collections, translations Demand for more detailed reporting on click-through rates (CTR) and impressions New Considerations & Decisions Total 2009 ad pages for top clinical journals down 22.7% vs. 2008 NEJM: + 0.9% JAMA: - 12.8% American Family Physician: Family Practice News – – 11.4% 3.2% Source: Medical Media, and Marketing , April 2010 New Considerations & Decisions • Total ad revenue down 21% in 2009 • Medical/surgical journals have lost more than 1/3 of ad income over the last 3 years Source: Medical Media, and Marketing , April 2010 International Cooperation and Collaboration Free or low cost online access for not-for-profit institutions in developing countries (Research4Life) • • • • HINARI: Health Access to Research Initiative (2002) – over 6200 major journals in biomedical and related social sciences AGORA: Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (2003) – over 1278 major scientific journals in agriculture and related biological, environmental and social sciences OARE: Online Access to Research in the Environment (2007) – over 2990 major scientific journals in the natural and applied sciences P articulars – – – – – coordinated by the United Nations over 125 participating publishers 71 countries (Band 1): free access (2009) 37 countries (Band 2): deeply discounted (2009) www.research4life.org • patientINFORM (2006) – – – – – PSP and STM joint project to (define. . . ) 4 Virtual Health Organizations (VHOs) • American Cancer Society, American Diabetes Assn, American Heart Assn & Arthritis Foundation • in discussions: Lupus Foundation, National Breast Cancer Coalition free access to articles selected & summarized by VHO staff expanding mission: clearinghouse on publisher access policies for free or low-cost access to medical articles (2010) www.patientINFORM.com • Emergency Access Initiative (2009) – NLM and PSP/American Medical Publishers Committee – – – (post-Katrina initiative) currently access to 225 journals + selected books and reference works in emergency medicine Haiti earthquake: first roll-out www.eai.nlm.nih.gov • Preliminary decisions – gathering print copies in good condition – – – – cover-to-cover scanning? advertisements? project management assignment internally choosing a vendor/partner pricing strategy • Digitization Process – scanning • decision on destructive or non-destructive processing – – OCR (optional character recognition) • dependent on quality and layout of original • • quality assurance: human oversight is essential specialized content (e.g., medical) not easily recognizable by OCR XML conversion • necessary to make content findable on the Web • • • • • • Reliable and perpetual access is a priority as more and more journals move online Whose responsibility is it and who pays for it? – publisher, library or combination? Trigger event(s): – a publisher stops operations – – publication of a title ceases back issues are no longer available – a publisher ’ s delivery platform fails for a sustained period Dark vs. light archives Rights transfer Access control • • • Member/subscriber initiatives: – Portico – LOCKSS – CLOCKSS Government-supported initiatives – – Koninklijke Bibliotheek e-Deposit German National Library pilot – – British Library voluntary deposit policy Library of Congress e-journal deposit pilot Consortia that aggregate content – OCLC ECO – OhioLINK – Ontario Scholars Portal • • • • • • Steadily increasing volume of submissions Constant pressure to keep up with industry innovations in technology and functionality Increasingly capital intensive back office requirements – additional investment in hardware and software – higher skill set for staff, more training, longer learning curve . . . all resulting in increased costs Coupled with declining library and practitioner funds for subscriptions Market demand to increase efficiency and service while holding or (preferably) reducing prices Uncertainty about sustainability of traditional business model – open access (author-paid model) – – public access government mandated deposit • • • • • • • Environmental & Technological Challenges Speed to publication continues unabated Continuity of the journal brand . . . or the journal as package Global perspective: input + output – content, languages, interfaces, customs, help desk support Mobile devices – PDAs, Notebooks, eBooks, eReaders New digital content added to platforms with expectation of functionality, flexibility and discoverability comparable to journals – reference works, book series, monographs – audio, video, animation Future of copyright in the digital world Digital piracy – economic threat – integrity of content Text Databases Slide Shows Supplements Audio Video Metadata User • • • • • • • • Founding Members (2008) Assn of Academic Health Sciences Libraries Assn of American Medical Colleges – Council of Academic Societies Assn of American Publishers – Professional & Scholarly Publishing Division Assn of Learned & Professional Society Publishers Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology International Assn of Scientific, Technical & Medical Publishers International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Society for Scholarly Publishing • • • • • • Grand Challenges Preservation / archiving Effective STM authorship Peer review / quality assurance Dynamic content containers Branding STM content Future of the journal • • • Strategies Equal partners in dialogue – consensus-driven statements Broad, high level opportunities & challenges Shared ideas representing association interests • • • • • • • • • • • British Library National Preservation Office http://www.bl.uk/npo CLOCKSS http://www.clockss.org E-depot/Koninklijke Bibliotheek http://www.kb.nl/dnp/e-depot/e depoten.html Portico http://www.portico.org/ PubMedCentral http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/ OCLC Electronic Collections Online http://www.oclc.org/electroniccollections PANDORA/National Library of Australia http://pandora.nla.gov.au/ PARSE.Insight http://www.parse-insight.eu/ US Library of Congress National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ British Library National Preservation Office http://www.bl.uk/npo Canada Institute for Scientific & Technical Information http://cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cisti_e.html • Norman Frankel: Society for Scholarly Publishing • Margaret Reich: Consultant • Tom Richardson: Society for Scholarly Publishing • Irv Rockwood: Assn of Learned, Professional & Scholarly Publishers • Rita Scheman: FASEB & DC Principles • Jean Shipman: Assn of Academic Health Science Libraries • Elizabeth Solaro: Society for Scholarly Publishing • John Tagler: Assn of American Publishers/ Professional & Scholarly Publishing Thank youPDF file
Online presentation
HTML article coding
Energy deficit after exercise augments lipid mobilization but does not contribute to the exercise-induced increase in insulin sensitivity
O2peak); cycle ergometer and treadmill exercise] until they expended 
800 kcal. Dietary intake during CON and one exercise trial (BAL) was designed to provide sufficient energy and carbohydrate to maintain nutrient balance. In contrast, the diets after the other two exercise trials were low in either CHO (LOW-CHO) or energy (LOW-EN). The morning after exercise we obtained a muscle biopsy, assessed insulin sensitivity (Si; intravenous glucose tolerance test) and measured lipid kinetics (isotope tracers). Although Online Content
Content Delivery Channels
Mobile Devices: Constantly Evolving
Printing . . . Yes, we still do print!
Article Versions
Online Environment
Online: A Win/Win/Win Situation
Everybody Benefits Users Libraries Publishers
Benefits to Users
Benefits to Libraries
Benefits to Publishers
LICENSING
Licensing
Site Licensing (SL)- Options
Site Licensing (SL)- Options (Pediatrics)
Pediatrics SL Pricing Tiers Academic
Pediatrics SL Pricing Tiers-Medical
Pediatrics SL Pricing Tiers Public/Non-Profit
Pediatrics SL Pricing Tiers Public/Non-Profit
Pediatrics SL Pricing Tiers Corporate
Locally Licensed Editions
Different Approaches to Local Editions: ASCO/JCO
Different Approaches to Local Editions: ASCO/JCO
Different Approaches to Local Editions: ASCO/JCO
Different Approaches to Local Editions: ASCO/JCO
Different Approaches to Local Editions: AHA
Different Approaches to Local Editions: AHA
Different Approaches to Local Editions: American College of Physicians (ACP)
Different Approaches to Local Editions: American College of Physicians (ACP)
Different Approaches to Local Editions:
New England Journal of Medicine
Different Approaches to Local Editions:
New England Journal of Medicine
Third Party Licensing - Aggregators
Third Party Licensing – Aggregators EBSCO, ProQuest, Gale/Cengage
Third Party Licensing – Aggregators Westlaw, LexisNexis
Third Party Licensing – Aggregators WebMD
Third Party Licensing Point-of-Care Services
Third Party Licensing Point-of-Care Services
Third Party Licensing Point-of-Care Services
Third Party Licensing Point-of-Care Services
Third Party Licensing Point-of-Care Services
Third Party Licensing Point-of-Care Services -
UpToDate
Discovery Services
Gateway Services
New Companies- Licensing Opportunities?
New Companies- DeepDyve
New Companies- PubGet
New Distribution Channels Amazon Kindle
New Distribution Channels Google
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Pricing Considerations
Sales & Distribution
Administration & Authentication
Electronic Sales Process
Advertising:
Advertising:
Advertising:
Advertising:
THE BIG PICTURE
U.S. Outreach Initiatives
Digitizing Archival Content
Issues in Digital Preservation
Major Preservation Solutions
THE ROAD AHEAD
Economic Challenges for Publishers
Medical Journals Then…
Medical Journals Now…
The Chicago Collaborative
The Chicago Collaborative
Some Additional Resources
Credits: Course Developers
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