Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Got phones?
Got phones?
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Presented by Camille Fair-Bumbray TRED 256 July 2007
What is PHONETICS?
•
Phonetics
comes from the Greek word φωνή (phone), or the morpheme
phon~
which means sound •
Phonetics
then is the study of the sounds of human speech.
Linguistic Knowledge
articulatory Phonetics auditory Sounds Phonology Knowledge of Language
Linguistic Knowledge
Words Morphology Semantics sound system rules for combining sounds word formation internal structure meaning of word chunks (whole) word meaning Sentence Structure Language Use Syntax Pragmatics rules for grammar how context and situation affect meaning how we say sounds how we perceive or hear sounds
So What’s the Chapter About?
(Chapter Overview: The BIG 6) 1.
2.
Definition of Phonetics Articulatory phonetics (speaking) v. auditory phonetics (listening) 3.
4.
5.
Sound Segments Spelling (Orthography)and Speech (pronunciation) Articulatory Phonetics ( “ anatomy ” and “ physiology ” of phonetics) – a. Initiation (airstream mechanisms) + Articulation (vocal tract) – b.Consonants: places of articulation, manners of articulation, phonetic symbols – c.Vowels & Dipthongs 6. Sign-Language
But first…
A few random…yet relevant thoughts * Why we chose
PHONETICS *
Why Phonetics is important *Phonetics? Phoneme? Phonology?
Why phonetics?
• Thought it was phonology • Discovered it wasn’t!
• Realized I needed to understand the difference • Specifically: How can phonetics be useful in the classroom????
Phone? Phonetics? Phonics? Phoneme? Phonology?
Is it just semantics? What changes the meaning? Is it the root or the stem?
Phone:
sound of a phoneme
Phonetics:
study of speech sounds; how we pronounce individual letters or the sound associated with a combination of letters
Phonics:
a method of teaching people to read and pronounce letters by the sounds associated with letters
Phoneme:
smallest unit of speech that distinguish one utterance from another; sound segments that are associated with a rule
Phonology:
study of sound systems of language; how sounds are combined in a language (phonetics + phonemics)
Phone or Phoneme?
A phone is… On of many possible sounds in the languages of the world The smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech Pronounced in a defined way Represented between brackets A phoneme is… A contrastive unit in the sound system of a particular language A minimal unit that serves to distinguish between meanings of words Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on allophones Represented between slashes [b], [t] /b/, /t/
Why is Phonetics Important?
• It gives birth to language • Without sounds we would be unable to create or understand words that make up languages • It’s the precursor to phonemic awareness (which helps us to decode words and develop reading fluency) • It’s the last text and visual that the authors remind us of in the text, so its obviously critical to Linguistic Knowledge!
Back to the main road…
• • •
Definition of phonetics Articulatory v. Auditory Phonetics (Speaking v. Hearing/Perceiving sounds)
•
Segmenting
How do we learn how to say words?
How would you say…
How would you
teach…
What did you do and how were you able to do it?
Segmenting dividing utterances into individual sounds, morphemes, words and/or phrases Awareness Language (English) Sounds associated with the letters
PHONETICS Sounds…Not Spelling or Syllable
Spelling and/or syllables don’t necessarily indicate # of sounds (but they may help you to segment) • •
Knot (4 letters) = kn /o / t (3 sounds) Gnome (5 letters) = gn/ o/ me ( 3 sounds)
•
Psycho (6 letters) = ps/ y/ ch/ o (4 sounds)
• • a)
b)
c)
d)
e) f) g) h) i) j) k)
TRY…
What do you know? What do you need to know?
Telephone Sesquipedalian iamtheproudownerofthelongestlongestlongestdomainnameinthisworld.com
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
TRINITROPHENYLMETHYLNITRAM
Leer taal
étudiant montanha Heureux gl üklich Счастливо 幸せ 산
SO…
Symbols + Sounds = Phonetics
+
= Phonetics
Are we there yet…?
•
Definition of phonetics
• •
Articulatory v. Auditory Phonetics (Speaking v. Hearing/Perceiving sounds)
•
Segmenting
•
Spelling and Speech
• •
Articulatory Phonetics:
The Anatomy & Physiology of Speech Production
Spelling and Speech
• Alphabetic spelling = pronunciation (how word is spelled) = (how you say it) • Orthography (spelling) sounds (sounds associated with individual letters) Example: Did h
e
bel
ie
ve that C
ae
sar could s
ee
the p
eo
ple s
ei
ze the s
ea
s?
e, ie, ae, ee, eo, ei, ea = sound like E as in
QuickT i me™ and a T IFF (Unc ompres s ed) dec ompres s or are needed t o s ee thi s pi c ture.
EAT
What are some of the possibilities?
(
in English!)
• Multiple letters/1 sound to, too, two , through, threw, clue, shoe • 1 letter/multiple sounds dame, dad, father, call, village, many • Combo of letters/1 sound shoot, phone, glacial, theatre • Single or Combo/NO sound mnemonic, corps, island
Now You Try…
Multiple letters/1 sound 1 letter/multiple sounds Combo of letters/1 sound Single or combo/NO sounds
How do we know the sounds?
Phonetic Alphabet : Used for phonetic transcription of any language IPA International Phonetic Alphabet QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Using the IPA
[se] [plen] [tek]
Once you can wrap your head around notation, IPA helps us to represent the pronunciation of words in any language
Let’s Exercise Our Minds!
Exercise #4 Exercise #8 QuickTi me™ and a T IFF (Unc om pres s ed) dec om pres s or are needed to s ee t his pic t ure.
There… Yet…?
Definition of phonetics
Articulatory v. Auditory Phonetics (Speaking v. Hearing/Perceiving sounds)
Segmenting
Spelling and Speech
Articulatory Phonetics:
The Anatomy & Physiology of Speech Production (what and where the structures of the body are) & (function/what they do)
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
How do we
generate & create
sounds?
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Initiation + Articulation
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Initiation:
where the sound starts *In the lungs (pulmonic) *Pushed out of lungs, up trachea (wind pipe), to larynx (egressive) *A.K.A.
pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism *
there are also ingressive (ie. Clicks)
Articulation:
where & how we shape the sound to be produced in a specific way *larynx (lair rinks) = “voice box” * larynx is behind “adam’s apple” *larynx (glottis + vocal chords) *vocal tract (larynx, pharynx, oral & nasal cavity)
Voiced or Voiceless Sounds
Voiced • Vocal chords closed • Air stream forces thru • Causes vibration • [b], [d], [z], [v] QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Voiceless • Vocal chords open • Air stream flows freely • [p], [t], [k], [s]
Examples
voiced/voiceless http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/# Clicks /tsk/ http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/V owelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter13/movie.html
There… Yet…?
Definition of phonetics
Articulatory v. Auditory Phonetics (Speaking v. Hearing/Perceiving sounds)
Segmenting
Spelling and Speech
Articulatory Phonetics:
The Anatomy & Physiology of Speech Production (what and where the structures of the body are) & (function/what they do)
Places of Articulation
Tongue + Lips = Articulators
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Cause restriction Reshape oral cavity
phones [b] [p] [m] Boy, pig, mom [f] [v] Fine and vine Thin that [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] To , do, new [∫] [č] Mission and measure [k] [g] Kick and gig [R] [q] [G]
Where
sound is made…
place
Academia Common bilabials Both lips labiodentals interdentals alveolars palatals velars ulvulars Bottom lip/upper teeth Between teeth Tip of tongue to alveolar ridge (front of roof) Tongue to roof of mouth Back of tongue to back of palette Back of tongue to fleshy appendage
It’s a bit tricky so let’s consult the experts!
QuickTime™ and a TIF F ( Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#
Well what the tongue and lips
do
is also has a secret code! It’s called
manner and refers to how
sound is made by various tongue, teeth, lip combos. There are categories for these combos: STOP! affrictive. Frictive. nasal.
Liquid…etc
Qui ckTime™ and a TIFF (U ncompr essed) decompressor are needed to see thi s pi cture.
mmm….Back to the experts
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#
Vowels and Dipthongs!
Vowels
[si] [sit] [div ə]
Dipthongs
[tay] [say] [may] [mayn]
Sign Language
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Features (
Primes)
*Hand configuration *Motion of hands (to/ from body) *Locus (where sign is articulated)
How can we use this in the classroom?
Some great literacy centers for ELL include: • • • •
Tongue Twister Hink Pinks Build a Word/Switch a Letter Songs
So…to help fill in the gaps…
Quick Time™ a nd a TIFF ( Unco mpre ssed ) dec ompr esso r ar e nee ded to see this pictur e.
• Phone vs. phoneme • Using the IPA chart • Diacritics • Plosives and all those other explosive terms!
Let’s ask Abbe
References
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Summer_2004/ling001/lecture2.html
http://efl.htmlplanet.com/phono.htm
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/# http://www.cal.org/acqlit/resources/Literacy-OELA-11-13-02.pdf
http://members.aol.com/gulfhigh2/words11.html
http://www.auburn.edu/~murraba/phon.html
Blevins,W. (1997)
Phonemic Awareness Activities.
Jefferson City: Scholas tic Books Fitzpatrick, J. (1997)
Phonemic Awareness.
Cypress: Creative Teaching Press Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert and Hyams, Nina (2003). Phonetics: The Sound of Language. In
An Introduction to Language
(231-266). Boston: Thomson-Heinle.