Transcript Formulating the research design

Uurimistöö disain ja -strateegiad
• Uurimistöö disain – üldine plaan, kuidas pöörata
uurimisküsimus uurimisprojektiks
• Täpsustab:
- eesmärke
- allikaid
- piiranguid
Uurimuse eesmärk – “Mida su uurimus peaks
tegema?”
Uurimuse eesmärk. Eksploratiivne/
avastav uurimus
• Eksploratiivne/ avastav uurimus sobib hästi selleks,
et:
- uurida välja, mis toimub;
- saada uusi perspektiive/laiendada arusaamu;
- küsida uusi küsimusi;
- hinnata nähtusi uues valguses
…mis selle probleemi olemus täpselt on
• Kuidas läbi viia:
- Kirjanduse analüüs
- Valdkonna”ekspertide” küsitlemine
- Fookusgrupi intervjuud
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Toward a Scientific Inquiry into Superstitious Business Decision-Making
Authors: Tsang, Eric W. K.
Source: Organization Studies (2004), Vol. 25 Issue 6
Author-Supplied Keywords:
Chinese business
decision-making
feng shui
rationality
superstition
uncertainty
• Abstract:
This article presents the findings of an exploratory study of the role of superstition in
Chinese business decision-making. The study confirms the general perception that
superstition constitutes a crucial part of business life in Chinese societies. Superstition
helps Chinese businessmen cope with uncertainty by providing a sense of certainty
and alleviating the anxiety associated with uncertainty. Although superstition is often
regarded as irrational and unfounded, practitioners try to justify it on the grounds of
superstition's substantive validity or instrumental value. Interestingly, half-believers of
superstition admit that they experience cognitive dissonance: they should not base
their decisions on superstition but they do. Another important finding is that feng shui
experts play their roles as expert, provocateur, legitimizer, and comforter in strategic
decision-making when providing advice to their business clients.
Kirjeldav uurimus
• …anda täpne profiil mingis kontekstis
huvipakkuvatest inimestest, sündmustest või
olukordadest
• „…ja mis siis?“
• Eelfaas mõnele teisele uurimusele
• Pigem vahend kui eesmärk
Foreign Investment and Ethics: How to Contribute to Social Responsibility by Doing
Business in Less-Developed Countries
• Authors: Bardy, Roland , Drew, Stephen, Kennedy, Tumenta S
• Source: Journal of Business Ethics; Mar2012, Vol. 106 Issue 3
• Abstract:
Do foreign direct investment (FDI) and international business ventures promote
positive social and economic development in emerging nations? This question will
always prove contentious. First, the impacts differ according to context. Second, the
social consequences and spillover effects of knowledge diffusion and technologysharing may be limited and hard to measure. Third, contributions to enhancing social
responsibility and improving living standards in host countries are delayed in effect,
causally complex, and also hard to measure. Outcomes often critically depend on
collaboration of governments, international institutions, the business world, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Research in this area is challenging and requires
interdisciplinary collaboration between economists, financial experts, sociologists,
ethicists, and other specialists. This paper explores: (1) the evidence to support the
proposition that FDI and international business improve social conditions in lessdeveloped countries, and: (2) how these improvements are linked to strategies of
corporate social responsibility (CSR) and ethical business practice. The paper draws
insights from development, FDI, poverty alleviation, and bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP)
literature. Applications are demonstrated using examples from poverty-stricken areas
of Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper attempts not only to argue theoretically but also to
provide practical evidence. The approach is simultaneously descriptive, analytical, and
prescriptive in order to address a wide audience. It also highlights issues and trends
for further academic research and presents the viewpoint that some limitations lie in
the nature of ethics frameworks widely referenced in business and that these often
fail to consider the compatibility of ethical constructs with relevant incentives. In this
vein, we explore the application of Homann's framework for advantage and incentivebased ethics.
Selgitav uurimus
• …püüab leida põhjuslikke seoseid muutujate
vahel
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Strategic Innovation Decisions: What You Foresee Is Not What You Get
Authors: Moenaert, Rudy K.,Robben, Henry Antioco, Michael,de Schamphelaere, Veroniek, Roks,
Eveline
• Source: Journal of Product Innovation Management; Nov2010, Vol. 27 Issue 6
Abstract:
• This research attempts to (1) identify the factors that influence strategic decision making (i.e., a
choice made among various strategic options), and (2) establish their relative importance in the
context of new product development. Hence, this study's research question is formulated as
follows: from a descriptive perspective what factors prevail in managers' strategic decision making
on new product development, and from a normative perspective is this behavior optimal? An
exploratory case research study generated a four-dimensional framework of strategic decision
making. In 17 companies, the decision-making processes and subsequent implementation of 22
business innovation projects were studied. Managers' choices are determined by the assessment of
(1) the business opportunity, (2) the feasibility, (3) the competitiveness, and (4) the leverage
opportunities provided by the strategic option. The research question was then further addressed
in a field site survey of 144 managers of ChemCorp, a global, multidivisional chemicals company.
The ex ante conjoint study shows that feasibility and business opportunity prevail over
competitiveness and leverage at the decision-making moment. Using PLS-Graph revealed that a
manager's idiosyncrasies and the current and the future context of the division to which they
belonged barely affected the relative weight of the decision-making criteria: only the division's
customer power and the threat of new entrants significantly influence positively the support for
business opportunity assessments. This raised an important question: if feasibility and business
opportunity appear as being, overall, the two most important strategic decision-making criteria ex
ante, are they key differentiators between success and failure ex post? An ex post critical incident
study was conducted on 75 successful innovations and 69 failed innovations reported by the
ChemCorp respondents. Using PLS-Graph, this study shows that the competitiveness of a strategic
option is a very important predictor of new project success. While the findings await replication in
other industries (e.g., industries of a less capital-intensive nature), they are intriguing: strategic
innovation decision making may be off track when reality is accounted for.
Uurimisstrateegiad
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…kas see strateegia vastab su uurimisküsimusele?
…valik vastavalt:
uurimisküsimusele
olemasolevatele teadmistele
ressurssidele/ajale
„maitsele“ – kvalitatiivsete või kvantitatiivsete
meetodite osas
Strateegiad ei ole vastastikku välistavad
Eksperiment
• Kausaalsed seosed – kas muutus ühes
sõltumatus muutujas toob kaasa muutuse
teises sõltuvas muutujas
• “kuidas”- ja “miks”-küsimused
• Katse- vs kontrollgrupp
• Uuritavate gruppidesse jagunemise
juhuslikkus
• Sisemine vs väline valiidsus; eksperimentide
piirangud
A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO SMART BUSINESS EXPERIMENTS
• Authors:Anderson, Eric T., Simester, Duncan
• Source: Harvard Business Review; Mar2011, Vol. 89 Issue 3
• Abstract:
The power of analytics in decision making is well understood, but few
companies have what it takes to successfully implement a complex
analytics program. Most firms will get greater value from learning to
do something simpler: basic business experiments. Managers need to
become adept at routinely using techniques employed by scientists
and medical researchers. Specifically, they need to embrace the "test
and learn" approach: Take one action with one group of customers, a
different action (or no action at all) with a control group of customers,
and then compare the results. The feedback from even a handful of
experiments can yield immediate and dramatic improvements. In this
article, the authors provide a step-by-step guide to conducting
business experiments. They look at organizational obstacles to success
and outline seven rules to follow. INSETS: Overcoming Reluctance to
Experiment;Idea in Brief;How One Retailer Tested Its Discount
Strategy;Slicing an Experiment
Küsitlus (kaardistus)
• “kes”-, “mida”-, “kus”-, “kui palju”-, “mil määral”küsimused
• Eelised:
- mahukad andmestikud
- suured populatsioonid
- ökonoomne
- standardiseeritud vahendid: valimite võrdlemine
- usaldus :P
- lihtne selgitada ja mõista (?)
- kvantitatiivselt analüüsitav
- võimalus ehitada seoste mudeleid!
- kõrge kontrollitase uurimisprotsessi üle
- esinduslikkus
Juhtumianalüüs
• uurimisstrateegia, mis sisaldab endas mingi kindla
nähtuse empiirilist uurimist selle ilmnemise kontekstis,
kasutades selleks mitmesuguseid allikaid
• … ja veelkord, kontekst!
• “miks-”, “mis-” ja “kuidas“- küsimused
• Tehniliselt kirju (intervjuud, vaatlused, dokumentide
analüüs, küsimustikud)
• Triangulatsioon – ühe uurimuse raames eri
andmekogumistehnikate kasutamine -> võimaldab
kindlaks teha, et andmed ütlevad sulle seda, mida sa
arvad, et nad ütlevad
• Juhtumianalüüsi liigid: üksik/mitmene; analüüsiühikust
lähtuv
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A business sustainability model: a European case study.
Authors:Høgevold, Nils M.
Svensson, GöranSource:Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing; 2012, Vol. 27 Issue 2, p142-151,
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Abstract: Purpose – "Business sustainability" refers to the total effort of a company – including
its demand and supply chain networks – to reduce the impact on the Earth's life- and ecosystems. The objective of this paper is to describe a business sustainability model based upon
a case study of a European manufacturer. Design/methodology/approach – A case study
approach was applied describing the efforts of business sustainability in the demand and
supply chain networks of a Norwegian office chair producer. It is based upon a series of semistructured in-depth interviews with top executives of the company as well as observations
and content analyses of internal and external documents about the company's efforts of
business sustainability. Findings – The case study shows that business sustainability is not
about doing just one thing, but that a multitude of simultaneous efforts (e.g. actors,
resources and activities) should be in place. Furthermore, business sustainability is not only
about a company's own business operations, but its whole demand and supply chain
networks which need to be included and taken into consideration. Research
limitations/implications – The case study in focus is limited to just one company's effort of
business sustainability and its demand and supply chain networks. It provides a business
sustainability model that offers opportunities for further research. Practical implications –
Focusing on the corporate impact of the natural environment can be highly profitable.
Business sustainability and by extension the carbon footprint of demand and supply chain
networks is becoming a criterion in the decision-making process of customers across
industries. Business sustainability is a concern to everybody in society as the indicatives of
climate change and global warming become more evident and troublesome. No one can have
missed the fact that the weather is becoming more extreme, causing damage around the
globe. Originality/value – The authors argue that research into business sustainability needs
at this stage of development to be inductive rather than deductive – it may be an irreversible
mistake to try to re-package existing theory into business sustainability, as climate change
prediction and the poor condition of the Earth have not been fully understood or comprised
in previous theory.
Tegevusuuring
1. Uurimise ja tegevuse seotus: uurimine seotud tegevusega,
mitte uurimus tegevuse kohta
2. Koostöö, partnerlus uurijate ja praktikute vahel
3. Tsükliline iseloom: diagnoosimine, planeerimien,
tegutsemine, hindamine (…ja otsast peale)
4. Tulemuste ülekantavus teistesse kontekstidesse
• Tegevusuuringu tugevused:
• Rõhuasetus muutusele
• Arusaam, et selle saavutamine võtab aega
• Töötajate seotus uurimuse/muutuse loomisega kogu
protsessi jooksul (kui töötajad on muutuse loomise juures
olnud asjaosalised, siis on tõenäolisem, et nad on ka enam
nõus seda ellu viima)
Põhistatud teooria
• …käitumise ennustamiseks ja seletamiseks
• …rõhuasetus teooria arendamisel
• …andmekogumine algab ilma eelneva
teoreetilise raamistikuta
• Andmestiku genereerimine -> ennustuste
genereerimine -> ennustuste testimine läbi
täiendavate andmete -> ennustuste
kinnitamine/ ümberlükkamine
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A GROUNDED THEORY STUDY ON THE BUSINESS MODELSTRUCTURE OF GOOGLE
Ming-Hone Tsai, Yu-De Lin and Yea-Huey Su
International Journal of Electronic Business Management, Vol. 9, No. 3 (2011)
ABSTRACT
Business is a system. When business is perceived as a system, business model could became a
system configuration issue and designable. Business models are the creations of entrepreneurs
or scholars of business schools. How to quickly design of new business model has become an
important issue. If the academia can propose methodology about business model design
principle, then practitioners or entrepreneurs are able to create their new business without
burning huge money to try-and-error. One of the important issues for business model design is
to understand the business model structure of a firm. The purpose of this research is to propose
a new systematical method for identifying a specific company’s business model structure. We
chose Google as our case to demonstrate our new systematical method. Google has run an
innovative business model that is very different to traditional business model and thus Google
is a case worth to investigate. Grounded theory qualitative research method with causal map,
cognitive mapping, core element analysis, and social network analysis were imported to
analyze various data of Google from 1996 to 2008 when businesses migrated from telephone
age to network age but not yet to fully mobile age. By deeply exploring Google’s business
model structure, we understood how Google do business from the perspectives of business
system. This comprehensive would give researchers the industrial insights and contribute the
practitioners with the way of understanding the business model structure of a company along
with the business model design principle in a dynamic context. Once a company understands
its business model structure, the company could design its business model to face the future
challenges.
Etnograafia
• … kirjeldada ja selgitada uuritavate sotsiaalset
maailma sel viisil, nagu need uuritavad seda
ise kirjeldavad ja selgitavad.…
• …uurida nähtust selles kontekstis, kus see
ilmneb, ning mitte kasutama
andmekogumismeetodeid, mis seda nähtust
üle lihtsustavad
• (…natuke lihtsalt hängimise moodi)
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Investigating the Behaviour of Small Businesses: An Empirical Case for
Ethnography
Authors:Mouly, V. Suchitra1
Sankaran, Jayaram K.1Source:Small Enterprise Research; 2006, Vol. 14 Issue 2
Abstract: A review of the extant scholarly literature reveals that ethnographic
methods have seldom been employed in the study of the behaviour of small
businesses. This perhaps derives from the impression, belied by published
ethnographies, that insofar as small businesses are often run by a single person or
a very small group of individuals who try on various hats and fill various roles, they
have little or no time for a fieldworker. Besides, the size of small businesses stands
in inverse relation to their number, thus tending to accentuate concerns about the
generalizability and external validity of the findings that are engendered by
fieldwork-intensive ethnographies of single settings. Our objective in this report
has been to make an empirical case for injecting qualitative research methods,
specifically participant observation, for studying small business behaviour. We
consider two radically different contexts: (i) small, neighbourhood outlets that
retail groceries and (ii) small businesses that are spawned by government
privatisation. With regard to the former, we draw upon secondary ethnographic
data to build a rich theory of financial success that features less obvious
antecedents such as the control over shoplifting as well as associated tactics. In
relation to the latter context, we elucidate patterns of behaviour that deviate from
the norm of ‘simple’ structures. Specifically, such businesses can manifest not-sosimple structures owing to a reversion by members to prior statuses and divisions
of labour that obtained in the parent government organisation.
Arhiivandmetel põhinev
uurimisstrateegia
• … administratiivsed andmekandjad; dokumendid;
kõikvõimalikud talletatud materjalid
• Küsimused muutuste kohta
• Probleemid:
- kättesaadavus
- salastatus
- detailsuse aste
- ei pruugi olla terviklikud
• The Business Value of IT: A Synthesis and Framework of Archival
Research
Authors: Masli, Adi, Richardson, Vernon J., Sanchez, Juan Manuel,
Smith, Rodney E.
• Source: Journal of Information Systems, 2011, Vol. 25 Issue 2
• Abstract:
This paper synthesizes recent empirical archival research investigating
the link between information technology investment and business
value. It examines (1) financial and nonfinancial measures to represent
different elements of business value, (2) IT investment measures and
links with firm performance, (3) IT and business complementarities
that affect firm performance, and (4) the impact of business context
and IT alignment with business strategy on resulting performance. The
review of prior research is guided by a balanced scorecard framework
that places IT in a business context and highlights the role of potential
drivers and contextual factors that impact the association between IT
and firm value. The paper concludes by proposing several broad
avenues of future research that may be of particular interest to
archival accounting information systems researchers.
Hulgimeetodid – kombineerides kvantitatiivseid ja
kvalitatiivseid tehnikaid ja protseduure
Hulgimeetod:
- Kvantitatiivne vs kvalitatiivne uurimus
Segameetod või kombineeritud meetod:
- Segameetodi uurimus
- Segamudeli uurimus
Ajaperspektiiv
• Ristläbilõikeuurimus
- “snapshot”
- Sageli küsimustik kui strateegia
• Longituuduurimus
• Küsimused, mis on seotud muutustega
- Kontroll uuritavate muutujate üle
- Võimalus kasutada varasemalt kogutud
andmestikku
Kodune töö
• Kodutöö: mõtle oma uurimisküsimuse peale – kirjuta lühidalt
ja argumenteeritult, milline uurimisstrateegia võiks olla sinu
küsimusele vastamiseks kõige sobivam. Kes oleks sobiv valim
ja miks?
• Pikkus: max 1 A4
• Tähtaeg: saata vähemalt 24 tundi enne meie järgmist loengut
meiliaadressil [email protected]