Transcript Water Quality Management

Integrated Pest Management
IS A PHILOSOPHY!
IPM
It is a preventative approach incorporating a
number of objectives including the following:
 development of a healthy turf that can withstand
pest pressure
 judicious and efficient use of chemicals
 enhancement of populations of natural,
beneficial organisms
 effective timing of handling pest problems at the
most vulnerable stage, often resulting in
reduced pesticide usage.
IPM

It is an ecologically based system that
uses biological and chemical approaches
to control. As with BMPs, IPM strategies
should be incorporated into every aspect
of turf management especially as they
relate to environmental impact.
IPM
programs rely on six basic approaches for
plant and environmental protection
 Genetic - selecting improved grasses
which perform well in specific areas and
show a resistance to environmental stress
and pest problems
IPM
programs rely on six basic approaches for
plant and environmental protection
 Regulatory - using certified seed and sod
to prevent unwanted weed contamination
and guaranteeing true-to-type seed, sod
and sprigs of the best adapted turfgrass
species and cultivars
IPM

Cultural - following recommendations made for
proper cultural practices which will maintain the turf
in the most healthy condition and influence its
susceptibility and recovery from pest problems.
Proper application of practices such as proper
mowing techniques, good nutrient management,
sound irrigation management, aerification, vertical
mowing, and topdressing should produce a high
quality turf
IPM

Physical - mechanical removal of pests (i.e.
hand weeding in selected areas) and cleaning
equipment to prevent spreading of diseases
and weeds from infected areas
IPM

Biological - for a limited number of pest
problems biological control can be used
whereby natural enemies are favored or
introduced to effectively compete with the
pest; biological control can also include
developing habitat to favor natural predation
such as installing bird and bat houses thus
favoring an increase in populations which feed
on insects
IPM

Chemical - pesticides are a necessary and
beneficial approach to turf pest problems, but
use can be restricted in many cases to curative
rather then preventive applications, thus
reducing environmental exposure.
IPM
Pesticide selection is based on an ecological
risk assessment approach that strives to use
only pesticides that are based on
effectiveness, are not toxic to non-target
species, that act quickly and degrade quickly,
are not soluble and not persistent.
IPM
Few pesticide applications should be made on a
regularly scheduled basis. Exceptions may
include pre-emergent herbicides and
fungicides used to control specific diseases
which are predictable based on site history and
prevailing environmental conditions.
IPM
Additionally, materials must be applied strictly in
accordance with label instructions, at labeled
rates, under appropriate environmental
conditions (i.e., no spraying on windy days or
when rain is forecast), with a low-volume
sprayer to reduce the possibility of drift or
using a shrouded sprayer
IPM
Materials will be rotated for specific uses. This
will deter the development of resistant strains
of pests which may require more frequent
and/or higher rates of pesticide applications.
IPM approach
monitoring of potential pest populations and
their environment;
 determining pest injury levels and
establishing treatment thresholds;
 decision making, developing and integrating
all biological, cultural, and chemical control
strategies;

IPM approach
educating personnel on all biological and
chemical control strategies;
 timing and spot treatment utilizing either the
chemical, biological or cultural methods;
 evaluating the results of treatment.

 Figure
3 is a flow chart for pest
management decision making based on
IPM strategies. It starts with preparation
of a well planned IPM program
Problem solving flowchart
Does the damn thing
work?
Yes
Don’t mess
with it!
No
Yes
No
Did you mess with it?
You’re an idiot!
Does anyone know?
Yes
Yes
Hide it!
YOU POOR BASTARD!
No
Can you blame someone else?
Yes
No Problem!
No
Will you
catch hell?
No
Trash it!
Experience and Data
Based Information Input
•
•
•
•
Establish
Establish
Establish
Establish
Pest Thresholds
Monitoring Program
Potential Pest Problems
Curative Techniques
NO
Conditions Favorable for
Pest Occurrence?
No Curative
Action Needed
YES
Implement Preventative Strategies
Monitor for Pest Presence or
Symptoms of Pests
Pests are Present or Symptoms
of Pests are Found
NO
Continue Pest
Monitoring
Program
YES
Identify Pest and Level of Damage
Does Damage and Do Pest Levels
Exceed Thresholds?
YES
Implement Curative Treatment
• Consider all Curative Techniques
• Use Risk Assessment Techniques
to Select Pesticides
Determine Effectiveness of
Treatment
Determine Effectiveness of
Management Strategies
Figure 3. Integrated Pest Management decision flow chart.
NO
IPM approach
This approach establishes the following:
 identifies potential pest problems to
determine scouting procedures
 structured scouting or monitoring
 sets pest damage thresholds
 determines the preventative and curative
techniques to be used
STRATEGIES OF INTEGRATED
PEST MANAGEMENT
Knowledge of turf and pests
 Monitoring or scouting - intensity
determined by value of area and
knowledge of pest life cycles
 Recordkeeping - measure the
effectiveness of the program and
record information on which to make
future decisions

Nature never breaks her own
laws.
Leonardo DaVinci
Artist and Scientist
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Diseases
PATHOGEN
HOST
DISEASE
ENVIRONMENT
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Diseases
CHEMICAL
AND
BIOLOGICAL
CONTROLS
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
RESISTANT
SPECIES
AND
CULTIVARS
CULTURAL CONTROLS
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Diseases
Brown Patch - most prevalent in hot
weather (>85 F) - need this type of
information transcribed to scouting
logs  controlling thatch, avoid excess N
and prolonged wet foliage

SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Diseases
Brown Patch
 use of several natural organic
fertilizer/composts in the
fertilization/topdressing programs have
been shown to reduce incidence
 daily scouting during warm weather is
highly recommended, this allows a
curative approach

SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Diseases
Dollar Spot - Warm-moist weather in
the spring and fall favors this disease
as well as low N levels.
 use of several natural organic
fertilizer/composts have been shown
to reduce the incidence

SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Diseases
Dollar Spot
 daily scouting during warm weather
should preclude treatment except on
a curative basis

SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Diseases
Pythium Blight - rapidly developing and
devastating disease, favored by excess N,
very wet and hot weather and low light
levels.
 Avoid prolonged leaf wetness
 Preventative approach is taken when
temperatures are 85 F (day) and 68 F
(night) or higher

INFECTION
SYMPTOMS
INFECTION AND SYMPTOM
RELATIONSHIPS
SPRING
Leaf diseases Leaf spot, red thread
Root diseases Pythium,
Necrotic ring spot
Root diseases Pythium,
Summer patch
SUMMER
Leaf diseases Dollar spot, brown
patch, Pythium
M A M J J A S O N D J F
TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR TURF
DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
DISEASE
PATHOGEN
OPTIMUM (F)
Necrotic ring spot Leptosphaeria korrae
59 - 82
Summer patch
Magnaporthae poae
83 - 87
Brown patch
Rhizoctonia spp.
70 - 90
Yellow patch
Rhizoctonia cerealis
Not
determined
Pythium root rot
Pythium spp.
52 - 70
Pythium blight
Pythium spp.
74 - 93
Bipolaris leaf spot Bipolaris sorokiniana
> 80
Dreschlera leaf spotDreschlera spp.
59 - 65
TEMPERATURE RANGES FOR TURF
DISEASE DEVELOPMENT
DISEASE
PATHOGEN
OPTIMUM (F)
Gray snow mold
Typhula spp.
48
Pink snow mold
Microdochium nivale
68 - 77
Dollar spot
Sclerotinia homeocarpa Not
determined
Stripped smut
Ustilago spp.
Not
determined
Red thread
Laetisaria fuciformis
Not
determined
Powdery mildew
Erysiphe graminis
59 - 72
Rusts
Puccinia spp.
Not determined
PATHOGEN GROWTH AND TEMPERATURE RANGES
Necrotic ring spot
Summer patch
Brown patch
Yellow patch
Pythium root rot
Pythium blight
Bipolaris leaf spot
Dreschlera leaf spot
Gray snow mold
Pink snow mold
Dollar spot
Striped smut
Red thread
Temp. (F) 20 30
40 50
60 70 80
90 100 110
PYTHIUM BLIGHT FORECAST
MODEL - Hall et al.
For the past 24 h
Hours that temperature
is equal or greater than
70 F
>= 18 h
Minimum temperature during last 24 h
< 18 h
< 68 F
Index = 0
No risk
Index = 1,
Moderate risk
> 68 F
Index = 2,
High risk
PYTHIUM BLIGHT FORECAST
MODEL - Nutter et al.
For the past 24 h
Max. daily temperature
greater than 86 F followed
by at least 14 h of relative
humidity > 90% with minimum
temperatures ?> 68 F.
No
Index = 0,
No risk
Yes
Index = 1,
High risk
CULTURAL DISEASE
CONTROL
Bermudagrass Decline - Preventative
 Raise mowing heights
 Aerify greens
 Topdress
 Balance N with K
 Do not lime if pH may approach 7.0
CULTURAL DISEASE
CONTROL
Bermudagrass Decline - Curative
 Raise mowing heights
 Topdress
 Balance N with K
 Do not lime if pH may approach
7.0
EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A
BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis
Dr. Monica Elliott
fenarimol, myclobutanil,
propiconazole, terbuconazole,
thiophanate-methyl, triadimefon
 None increased turf quality over
the untreated turf, whether used
curatively or preventatively

EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDES ON A
BERMUDAGRASS PUTTING GREEN INFESTED WITH
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis
Dr. Monica Elliott
A
significant decline in TQ, when
compare to the untreated turf was
often associated with repeated use
of the DMI fungicides fenarimol,
myclobutanil, propiconazole and
triadimefon, but not with the use of
tebuconazole or thiophanate-methyl
DISEASE THRESHOLDS
Bermudagrass or Bentgrass
Greens:
 0% Pythium blight
 0.5% Dollar spot
 Lawn:
 10% Dollar spot
 15% Brown patch

DISEASE THRESHOLDS

BASED ON:
 Turfgrass species
 Prevailing environmental conditions
 Economic or aesthetic value of site
 Cost of chemical treatment versus
renovation of damaged turf sites
DISEASE THRESHOLDS

ALSO BASED ON SITE HISTORY:
 Spring Dead Spot
 Take-All Patch
 Summer Patch
BIOCONTROL FOR DISEASES?
Some success with composted
organics as fertilizers/topdressing on:
 Dollar spot
 Brown patch
 Red thread
 Typhula blight
 Pythium root rot
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Insects
Soil feeding - white grubs, mole
crickets
 Surface feeding - sod webworms,
armyworms, cutworms, etc.

SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Insects
STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL:
 Scouting for signs
 Mapping of problem areas
 Establishing thresholds
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Insects
WHITE GRUBS:
 Identifying threshold levels
 Treating when in larval stage


March through May for June beetles
September for most others
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Insects
SOD WEBWORMS:
 Monitoring for inactive adults on the
turfgrass, weeds or on the leaves and
stems of trees or shrubs
 Larvae are night feeders on the leaves of
the grass
 Determine thresholds and scout, are
burrowed down in the grass
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Insects
ARMYWORM and FALL ARMYWORM
 Active in the early morning or late in
the evening making scouting a
requisite for control
 Establish thresholds
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Insects
CUTWORMS
 Moth larvae which overwinter as pupae or
mature larvae, adults appear by mid-March.
 Feed on leaves or grass clippings near the
soil
 Late afternoon scouting or a soap flush to
determine presence
 Determine thresholds
INSECT THRESHOLDS
FLORIDA Grubs:
Japanese beetle
Masked chafer beetle
Armyworms
Billbugs
Cutworms
Mole crickets
Sod webworms
#/sq.ft.
3 to 4
4
3 to 4
6
1
1 to 2
5 to 8
INSECT BIOLOGY
BILLBUG LARVAE DEGREE DAY MODEL:
 Larvae
begin to emerge from the stems and
are thus exposed to insecticides used
between 925 and 1035 DDbase50; they can be
controlled from this time until significant
visual damage occurs between 1330 and
1485 DDbase50.
INSECT BIOLOGY
BILLBUG ADULT DEGREE DAY MODEL:
 March
1 starting date; threshold temperature
of 50 F; first adult activity should occur
between 280 and 352 DDbase50; and the 30%
first activity (the time the last surface
insecticide would be effective) should occur
between 560 and 624 DDbase50.
YOUR TURN, TELL ME ABOUT:
MOLE CRICKETS
INSECT THRESHOLDS
SELECTING THRESHOLDS:
 Value of the area
 Greens
 Tees
 Fairways
 Roughs
INSECT MONITORING
Spot Checks - 30 second checks in
20 or so locations
 Irritants - flushing agents
 Flotation
 Pitfall traps
 Soil sampling

INSECT MONITORING
Mole crickets - map spring activity
 Grubs - map area to locate
infestations
 Chinchbugs - monitor early -season
activity during warmer daytime hours
 Sod webworms - monitor spring
moth flights

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS
INCORPORATES USE OF:
 Competitors - uncommon for control
of insects, useful for diseases
 Predators - if allowed to build up
 Parasites - wasps or flies
 Pathogens - bacteria, viruses, fungi
and nematodes
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS
Biocontrol used through:
 Introduction of new parasites,
predators or pathogens
 Augmentation or the addition of
more parasites, predators or
pathogens to existing numbers
 Conservation of already existing
populations
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS
When a pesticide must be used, select
one which has the least impact on
the biological controls :
 Insecticidal soaps
 Bt microbial pesticides
 Botanicals - pyrethrum, azadiractin
Percent of Sod Webworm Eggs Eaten or
Carried Off by Predators
80
Single application
of chlorpyrifos
70
60
50
Treated
Untreated
40
30
20
10
0
Week 1
Week 3
Week 5
RELATIVE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES TO
EARTHWORMS AS PERCENT REDUCTION
Low (0-25%)
2,4-D
triclopyr
dicamba
pendimethalin
triadimefon
fenarimol
propiconazole
chlorothalonil
isofenphos

Moderate (25-50%)
trichlorfon
chlorpyrifos
isazophos
 Severe (50-75%)
benomyl
diazinon
 Very severe (>75%)
carbaryl
bendiocarb
ethoprop
fonofos

NEMATODE THRESHOLDS
Nematode
Sting, Awl
Lance
Stubby-root
Spiral
Ring
Sheath, Sheathoid
Root-knot
#/100 cc soil
10
40
40
300
500
80
80
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Weeds
Drought-prone sites
Prostrate spurge
Black medic
Yellow woodsorrel
Goosegrass
Annual lespedeza
Birdsfoot trefoil
Prostrate knotwood
Bracted plantain
Wet sites
Moneywort
Annual sedge
Annual bluegrass
Alligatorweed
Pearlwort
Moss
Liverwort
Rushes (Juncus sp.)
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Weeds
Weeds adapted to shallow rooted conditions
associated with compacted soils:
Annual bluegrass
Corn speedwell
Annual sedge
Goosegrass
Annual lespedeza
Prostrate knotweed
Broadleaf plantain Prostrate spurge

SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Weeds
High N
Birdsfoot trefoil
Black medic
Broomsedge
Chicory
Common
speedwell
Low N
Annual bluegrass
Chickweed
Moss
Ryegrass
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Weeds
Weeds associated with mowing regimes:
High/Infrequent Close/Frequent
Annual
Bull thistle
bluegrass
Burdock
Chickweeds
Chicory
Pearlwort
Sweet clover
Thymeleaf
Teasel
speedwell
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Weeds
CRABGRASS:
 Requires light for germination,
therefore invade a less dense turf
 Seed germinates when soil
temperatures reach 53 to 58 F at a 4inch depth - about dogwood bloom
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS Weeds
GOOSEGRASS:
 Prefers dry, compacted sites
 Seed germinates when soil
temperatures reach 60 to 65 F,
probably 2 weeks after crabgrass
SPECIFIC LOCAL PROBLEMS - Weeds
Soil condition
Low pH
Soil compaction
Low N
Sandy soils
Poor drainage
Surface moisture
High pH
Nematodes
Low mowing
Indicator weed(s)
Sorrel
Goosegrass, knotweed, Poa
Legumes (clover, chickweed)
Poorjoe, sandspur, quackgrass
Sedges
Algae
Plantains
Spurges, pusley, knotweed
Algae
SCOUTING WEEDS
Identification - critical
 Quantification - some estimate of
percent infestation
 Documentation - include growth
stages which can aid in control
decisions
 Note confounding factors - thin turf,
traffic, shade, drainage,

WEED THRESHOLDS
Greens
Tees
Fairways
Roughs
% Weeds Tolerated
Grassy
Broadleaf
0 to 1
0 to 1
2 to 6
1 to 4
3 to 8
2 to 7
7 to 12
8 to 13
THATCH EFFECTS ON
PESTICIDE MOBILITY
Units of Thatch
Insecticide
Solubility(ppm)
to Bind 50%
chlorpyrifos
<1
4
diazinon
40
75
isazophos
150
300
trichlorfon 120,000
500+
bendiocarb
40
640+
STARTING AN IPM PROGRAM
 Define
the role and responsibility of
all people who will be involved in the
IPM program.
 Train personnel
 Determine management objectives for
specific areas of the course
STARTING AN IPM PROGRAM

Collect information on each hole:
turf species
 mowing height and schedule
 irrigation amount and frequency
 soil drainage
 complete soil analysis
 fertilizer program
 traffic patterns
 shade and air circulation concerns

STARTING AN IPM PROGRAM
Install weather monitoring equipment
or have access to daily weather
information including soil
temperatures
 Establish aesthetic or action
thresholds

Monitoring
One of the most critical components to IPM
programs is monitoring.
 A well-trained and experienced turf
manager will scout or designate someone
who is qualified to scout to detect
symptoms of a pest problem on a periodic
basis.
Scouting
A scouting schedule may include daily,
weekly, biweekly, monthly, quarterly, semiannual and annual items to be monitored.
Site Specific Information
This approach coupled with compiling a site
specific history and keeping informed as
to advances in turfgrass management
make it a workable program.
IPM Advantages
While the economic advantages of IPM are
tangible, the sociological and
environmental consequences of judicious
pesticide use alone are strong
justification for implementation.
SETTING UP THE PROGRAM
 Assures more judicious use of fertilizers
and pesticides
 Economic savings
 Public relations over environmental
concerns
IPM Programs will not:
Eliminate pests or pest damage
 Replace pesticides
 Work without the support of concerned,
conscientious golf course superintendents

IPM Programs are constantly changing
BENEFITS OF IPM
NY STATE: 1986-1994
NEW JOBS: over 100 for state
residents
 ECONOMIC BENEFITS: reduced
production costs by $14M
 NEW BUSINESSES: helped develop
3 new small businesses and
enhanced the financial climate for
another 6

BENEFITS OF IPM
NY STATE: 1986-1994

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS:
decreases in the
 tons of pesticides used
 numbers of pesticide applications
 environmental impact of pesticide
use