What are SPECT basics? - Siegfried Schrei, Molecular
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Transcript What are SPECT basics? - Siegfried Schrei, Molecular
What are SPECT basics?
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Siemens Medical Solutions
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Molecular Imaging
Anger camera
Hal O. Anger invented the
scintillation camera in 1958
Established basic design:
NaI(Tl) crystal
PMT array
Position weighted signals
Hal O. Anger
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Molecular Imaging
Overview
POSITION
SIGNALS
ENERGY
SIGNAL
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.
PULSE
HEIGHT
ANALYZER
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.
.
X
Y
Z
PMT ARRAY
NaI(Tl)
Crystal
COLLIMATOR
Image Display
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Molecular Imaging
Scintillation camera components
Detector
Collimator
NaI(Tl) crystal
Low energy
Photomultiplier tube (PMT) array
Medium energy
Analog-to-digital converters
(ADCs)
High energy
Axial shields (coincidence
imaging)
Pinhole
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Scintillation camera components
Computer(s)
Patient Table
Acquisition
Pallet
Processing
Accessories
Acquisition & processing
Physicians viewing
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Molecular Imaging
Nal(TI) Scintillator
Sensitive material for gamma ray
detection
Large rectangular (40 x 50 cm),
thin (9.5 mm) crystal*
Converts gamma ray energy into
visible light (Total absorption of a
140 keV gamma ray yields 5000
photons)
Fragile: Sensitive to trauma and
temperature changes
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Molecular Imaging
Nal(TI) Crystal
Advantages
Disadvantages
85% sensitivity @ 140 keV
Hygroscopic (requires hermetic
seal)
Moderate energy resolution
(9-10% @ 140 keV)
Moderate cost
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Limiting component in count rate
performance (200 nSec
scintillation decay time)
Siemens Medical Solutions
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Molecular Imaging
PMT array
Side
View
PMTs are arranged in a close-packed
array to cover the crystal surface
PMT Cross Sections
Circular
Hexangonal
Square
FOV
30 x 40 cm
40 x 55 cm
8
3" PMTs
28
55
2" PMTs
60
120
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Molecular Imaging
Analog position electronics
Position-based
Signal Weights
Position
Signal
(x or y)
X/Z
Y/Z
Weighted
Sum
Normalized
Position
Signal
(x or y)
Normalization
Energy
Signal (Z)
Total
Sum
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Pulse
Height
Analyzer
Innovation is in our genes.
Molecular Imaging
PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER
POSITION
SIGNALS
ENERGY
SIGNAL
Y
Z
X
.
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.
.
.
.
X
.
PMT ARRAY
NaI(Tl)
Crystal
COLLIMATOR
Y
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Image Display
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Molecular Imaging
Collimation
Purpose: To project gamma ray distribution onto the detector
Basic design
Distance performance
Spatial resolution vs. count sensitivity
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Collimator design
Image forming aperture of the scintillation camera.
Limiting component in spatial resolution & count sensitivity.
Collimators are fabricated from lead.
25 mm
1.2 mm
Gamma rays that hit the septa are absorbed.
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Collimator performance
Count sensitivity
~ 1/5,000 gamma rays are
transmitted
Requires short holes with large
diameters
Inverse relationship with
resolution
Spatial resolution
6 - 12 mm FWHM @ 10 cm
Requires long holes with small
diameters
Distance dependent
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Spatial resolution
Dependence on source to collimator distance
5 cm
10 cm
15 cm
20 cm
25 cm
30 cm
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Energy correction
Before energy correction
After energy correction
Corrects for the difference in energy responses within and between
PMTs
Digitize local spectra (e.g. @ 64 x 64 locations)
Set local photopeak windows
Event must fall within local window
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Linearity correction
New location
x = x’ + Dx’
y = y’ + Dy’
Event location is estimated as
x’,y’
Before linearity correction
After linearity correction
Image a known rectangular hole pattern
Calculate x & y correction offsets
Interpolate values over entire field
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Linearity correction
Before correction
After correction
Correcting the mispositioning of events (spatial linearity) has a profound
effect on field uniformity.
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Uniformity correction
Energy & linearity correction
Energy, linearity & uniformity correction
After energy and linearity corrections are performed, residual nonuniformities are corrected using a reference flood image.
The high count reference flood image is used to regionally weight
events.
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Scintillation camera performance specifications
Field uniformity (2% - 4%)
Intrinsic spatial resolution (3.5-5.5 mm)
System spatial resolution at 10 cm (8-12 mm)
Energy resolution (9-10%)
Multi-energy window spatial registration (< 2 mm)
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Spatial resolution
Count profile
Ideal point
FWHM
Image of point with real system
pixels
Specifies amount of image blur
Quantified by the full-width-at-half maximum (FWHM) of the point or
line spread function
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Clinical Applications
Planar & SPECT
Cardiac
Whole-body bone
Renal
Gastric
Hepatobiliary
Thyroid
Pulmonary
Brain
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Acquisition types
Static
Dynamic
Whole-body
SPECT
Gated SPECT
Dynamic SPECT
Whole-body SPECT
Coincidence imaging
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SPECT Reconstruction Algorithms
FBP (Filtered Back Projection)
Iterative reconstruction (MLEM, OSEM)
2D
3D
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Iterative reconstruction process
Estimated Reconstruction Volume
Estimated Projections
Acquired (measured) Projections
Estimate
Projections
Update
Image
Estimate
Compare
Projections
If the correct physical model for the collimation is used in estimating the
projections, then the feedback of the iterative process drives the
convergence with implicit recovery of resolution. Enhancement filtering
of projection data is not required.
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Bone SPECT comparison
FBP
Flash 3D
2D - OSEM
e.cam 3/8”
Hx: 36-year-old female. Indication staging for osteosarcoma
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Myocardial perfusion SPECT
FBP
Flash 3D
2D Iterative
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GATED SPECT
R-R interval
R-Wave
Gates
Gate 1 Gate 2 Gate 3 Gate 4 Gate 5 Gate 6 Gate 7 Gate 8
Gate 1
Aufsummierte Datensatz
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Clinical software
Organ specific software
(cardiac, renal, gastric, pulmonary, brain, etc.)
Cardiac quantification software
Cedars Sinai QGS, QPS, QBS
4D-MSPECT (Univ. of MI)
Emory Cardiac Toolbox
3D display software
Image fusion software
CT-based attenuation correction
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e.soft
Innovative Workflow Concept
Schedule
Acquisition
Data Aquisition
Quality Control
Processing
Physician
Review
Printing
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Administrative Data
Automatic Reconstruction
Automatic Processing
Data Display
HARDCOPY Activity
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e.soft
Fully Automated Data Distribution
Administrative Data
Data Aquisition
Archiving
Printing
Quality Control
Automatic Reconstruction
PACS
Automatic Processing
Data Display
e.station
HARDCOPY Activity
Workflow Complete
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OEM
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Molecular Imaging