Transcript CH. 8 ARRIVAL IN CANADA

CH. 8
ARRIVAL IN CANADA
THE VIKINGS
THE FIRST EUROPEANS
 Based out of Scandinavia
(Sweden, Norway, Denmark)
 Prior to 1000AD very warlike set out to claim new land &
riches.
 Leif Erikson to Newfoundland
 Conflicts with Natives caused
them to leave.
L’Anse aux Meadows
Were the Vikings the
first? Bering Strait
Irish Monk
1450-1600
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
 Powerful monarchs to explore “The New
Worlds” for legendary riches.
 1492 Columbus sails the ‘Ocean Blue’
 Trying to find a new route to Asia for Spain.
 Soon Portugal, England, & France were all
trying to find the ‘Northwest Passage’.
Columbus
Northwest Passage
FIVE MAIN REASONS
EUROPEANS CAME TO NORTH
AMERICA
*BEAVER*
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
GRAND BANKS
FISH
FUR
RELIGION
FARMING
PROFIT
-LUMBER/MINERALS
MISSIONARIES
FOOD/LAND
TOBACCO
NORTH
AMERICA
 Eventually the exploring
countries would lay claim
to most of North America
 Spain = South.
 England = North and East
coast.
 France = St. Lawrence
River region.
DRAINAGE BASINS
Highlands/Divides of N. America
Rocky Mtns / Laurentian Highlands / Appalachians
Drainage Basins
European Possesions
Verrazano
FRENCH EXPLORERS
Cartier
 Verrazano sent first & proved N.A. = & continent not
a series of islands as hoped.
 Ten years later, Cartier sent & on second trip ventured
up the St. Lawrence using Iroquois guides.
 Kidnapped these guides and returned home.
 Returned to establish settlement but
relations with Iroquois
strained
-returned home with ‘GOLD’
(Fools Gold).
First colony =failure!!
THE START OF THE FUR
TRADE
=
130
FAIR ???
4
THE FOUNDING OF
NEW FRANCE
 SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
 1605 = Port Royal => abondoned 1607
 Soon to be renamed Acadia.
 1608 = Quebec City
 Chosen for high cliffs - protection.
 Allied with the Algonkians &
Montagnais against the Iroquois.
 ‘The Deal’ - do not trade with the English.
 Later allied with the Huron as better
traders.
 Created an uneasy relationship with the
Algonkians and Montagnais.
‘Father of Quebec’
THE PEOPLE OF NEW FRANCE
 The Company of Hundred Associates.
 Required to bring settlers to Canada.
 Establish seigneuries - feudal manors
 Jesuits
 To bring Catholicism to the Natives.
 Go anywhere - do whatever it takes.
 Coureurs De Bois
 The muscle of the fur trade - went to the source
 Officially illegal - often bribed officials.
 13 Colonies
 The East Coast English Colonies.
 Competed with the French.
THE PEOPLE OF NEW FRANCE
(continued)
 Radisson & Groseilliers
 French Coureur De Bois who turned to the
English to utilize Hudson’s Bay.
 Talon Jean - ‘The Intendant’
 Chief administrator to govern the local
people (soldiers, bishop, peasants, filles du
roi, etc.
 Frontenac
 First governor of the French colony.
 Habitant
 Peasant farmers given land for fees and
service - feudalistic.
 Lived on the seigneury.
CANADA MOVES
WEST
REASONS TO MOVE WEST
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Canadian Beaver
Felt Hat = Social
Made Beaver (MB)
#1
Status
1 Musket = 12 Made Beaver (MB)
4.5L Brandy = 1 MB
2 Hatchets = 1 MB
1 Blanket = 1 MB
1 White Fox Pelt = 1/3 MB
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
The Fur Trade
HBCo.
NWCo.
-Paid by salary
-“Stay ay at the Bay” policy
-Discouraged alcohol
-Discouraged fraternization
-Better quality goods
-Oldest continuous Co. in
the world.
-Paid by commission
-Go to the source policy
-Aggressive trade policy
-Encouraged marriages
-More expensive goods
RIVALRY AND CONFLICT
FRENCH
-Catholic
-Hurons
-Quebec
-Pop. = 85, 000
-St. Lawrence
-La Salle first???
-Forts / Buried
Plates
-1 yr. truce
ENGLISH
-Protestant
-Iroquois
-13 Colonies
-Hudson’s Bay
-Pop. = 1 Million
-G. Washington
-Forts / Settlement
SEVEN YEARS WAR
1756-1763
 Canada started in 1754 (9Yrs. War ???)
 “Great War For Empire”
 Not just a North American War
 First world war - France Vs.England
 Spices = East Indies
 Sugar = West Indies
 Fish, fur, and agriculture
in North America
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
THE LAST BATTLE : WOLFE VS. MONTCALM
WOLFE’S
COVE
PLAINS OF
ABRAHAM
LOUISBOURG
QUEBEC
ACADIA
13 COLONIES
THE LAST BATTLE
ENGLISH
FRENCH
-Strong navy
-Captured Louisbourg
-Fr. = corrupt officials
-Acadians expelled
-Controlled St. Lawrence
-Desperate
-Knew St. Lawrence
-Quebec = fortified/cliffs
-Skilled warfare
THE EXPLORERS
AFTER THE FALL OF QUEBEC
 England won and France lost all possessions.
ROYAL PROCLAMATION
 Pontiac united the Natives and rebelled against the English.
 Royal Proclamation kept English out of Ohio River Valley.
QUEBEC ACT




Kept French language
Recognized the Catholic Church
Kept French law system
Increased French boundaries (Ohio R.
Valley)
THE AMERICA REVOLUTION
The American people risked everything and
received:
- Royal Proclamation - no Ohio R. Valley
- Quebec Act - French = all rights
- Stamp Act - Tax on everyday goods
Boston Tea Party
- Quartering Act - House British soldiers
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR
 1774 Americans stock piled
weapons.
 1775 = one shot (???) started it all.
 French Canada supported England.
 France supported America.
 1776 Thomas Jefferson = American Declaration of
Independence.
 Loyalists - Americans who
T. Jefferson
sided with England
 Many moved to Canada
 Would give rise to Upper Canada.
 Patriots - persecuted the
Loyalists.
Upper / Lower Canada
UPPER & LOWER CANADA
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
THE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT
1791
 Divided Quebec into Upper
& Lower Canada
(Ontario/Quebec)
 Each had own gov’t. but
governor could veto.
 Catered to the wealthy.
 Would eventually give rise to
the rebellions of 1830.
PIONEERS OF UPPER
CANADA
 By 1815 Upper Canada’s population
went from 10 000 to 95 000 (1850 =
4x)
 The French became worried.
 Voyage from England = dreadful ie.
Cholera
 Black Loyalists escaped to Can. for
land & freedom (100 000)
 Simcoe = first governor.
 Roads, native alliances, urged less
slavery, established a militia -> all
designed to protect Canada from the
Americans.
WAR OF 1812
REASONS FOR WAR
 Brt.- U.S. relations strained.
 Canada = closest thing to Brt.
 Lost trade with Brt. Empire.
 Britain at war with France.
 Brt seized U.S. ships going to France.





Brt. Felt U.S. = threat to fur trade.
BNA pop. = 500 000 U.S.A. = 8 million
Maddison’s War Hawks promoted war against Canada.
Saw Brt. support of natives as hostile.
NOTE - New England wanted no war -> trade!!
THE WAR OF 1812
 Had the Americans been united
they probably would have won.
 Ie New England opted out as wanted
trade.
 Brock & Tecumseh led Canada to
early victories and convinced many
to remain loyal.
 Highlights - Laura Secord,
 Canada burns Washington
 Brt. sends more troops after
Napoleon defeated.
 Last major invasion of Canada.
 Canada defeats the U.S.A.
Brock & Tecumseh
Laura Secord
Can. burns Washington