Transcript Introduction to Psychology

The Brain
Module 4
 Slides from Myers, Runyan, McCubbin, and Jones
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Techniques to Study the Brain
A brain lesion
experimentally
destroys brain
tissue to study
animal behaviors
after such
destruction.
Hubel (1990)
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I’d rather
have a bottle
in front of me
than a frontal
lobotomy.
Link 5:11
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An recording of the electrical waves sweeping
across the brain’s surface, measured by
electrodes placed on the scalp.
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CT (computed tomography) Scan
a series of x-ray
photographs taken from
different angles and
combined by computer
into a composite
representation of a slice
through the body; also
called CAT
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Imaging
Technologies
…freshman
brain.
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PET Scan
Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories
PET (positron emission
tomography) Scan is a
visual display of brain
activity that detects a
radioactive form of
glucose while the brain
performs a given task.
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PET Scan
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PET Scan
Link PET scan and language 6:26
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MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging)
A technique that uses magnetic
fields and radio waves to produce
computer-generated images that
distinguish among different types of
soft tissue; allows us to see
structures within the brain
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MRI Scan
Link 7:25 twins share brain parts
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fMRI - Functional MRI
Compares MRI scans taken less than
a second apart
Detects blood moving to active parts
of the brain
Shows brain function
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Image shows brain regions
when a participants lies.
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Jean Duffy Decety, September 2003
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The Brain
 Brainstem
 the oldest part and central core of the brain,
beginning where the spinal cord swells as it
enters the skull
 responsible for automatic survival functions
 Pinky and the Brainstem 1:23
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Brain Stem
The Medulla is the base
of the brainstem that
controls heartbeat and
breathing.
Reticular Formation
plays an important role
in controlling arousal &
attention.
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Brain Stem
The Thalamus is the
brain’s sensory
switchboard.
It directs messages to
the sensory areas in the
cortex and transmits
replies to the
cerebellum and
medulla.
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Cerebellum
The “little brain”
attached to the rear of
the brainstem. It helps
coordinate voluntary
movements and
balance.
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The Limbic System
The Limbic System is a
system of neural
structures associated
with emotions such as
fear, aggression and
drives for food and sex.
It includes the
hippocampus, amygdala,
and hypothalamus.
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Amygdala
The Amygdala is linked
to the emotions of fear
and anger.
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Amygdala and
Emotion
Identify
emotion
from facial
expressions
Amygdala
damage
makes this
task
difficult
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Figure 2.19 The amygdala
Myers: Psychology, Eighth41
Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus lies
below (hypo) the
thalamus.
Eating, drinking, body
temperature, and
control of emotions.
It helps govern the
endocrine system via
the pituitary gland.
"TALE of the
hypothalamus":
Temperature
Appetite
Libido
Emotion
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Reward Center
Sanjiv Talwar, SUNY Downstate
Rats cross an
electrified grid for
self-stimulation when
electrodes are placed
in the reward
(hypothalamus)
center
.
(top picture)
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Mnemonic
Limbo is your
reward!
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Hippocampus
Important for
memory
Damage may cause
anterograde
amnesia
 Link 9:58
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The Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
fabric of interconnected neural cells that
covers the cerebral hemispheres
ultimate control and information processing
center
Glial Cells
cells in the nervous system that are not
neurons but that support, nourish, and
protect neurons
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Mnemonic video
http://www.thepsychfiles.com/2008/09/e
pisode-72-video-memorize-the-parts-ofthe-brain/
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Longitudinal Neuroimaging
of Brain Maturation
loni.ucla.edu
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Figure 2.24 The cerebral cortex
Myers: Psychology, Eighth49
Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Structure of the Cortex
Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes
that are separated by prominent fissures.
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The Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobes
involved in speaking and muscle movements and in
making plans and judgments
Parietal Lobes
include the sensory cortex
Occipital Lobes
include the visual areas, which receive visual
information from the opposite visual field
Temporal Lobes
include the auditory areas
Link Frontal lobe
development at PBS
13:33
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The Cerebral Cortex
Motor Cortex
area at the rear of the frontal lobes that
controls voluntary movements
Sensory Cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes
that registers and processes body
sensations
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The Cerebral Cortex
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Visual and Auditory
Cortex
Visual
cortex
Auditory
cortex
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The Visual Cortex
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Visual Function
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Association Areas
areas of the
cerebral cortex
that are not
involved in
primary motor or
sensory
functions
involved in
higher mental
functions.
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Metal rod
through
your brain
and you
survive….
WTH?
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Link Phineas Gage at
Learner.org 13:14
Link Phineas Gage at
PBS 8:50
Phineas Gage
Figure 4.16 Phineas Gage reconsidered
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Seventh Edition In Modules
Copyright © 2008 by Worth Publishers
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The Cerebral Cortex
Aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left
hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area
(impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area
(impairing understanding)
Broca’s Area
Link
an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the
muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke’s Area
Link
an area of the left temporal lobe involved in
language comprehension Link 7:44
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Mnemonics
I don’t understand Wernicke.
"Broca": your speech machinery is Broken.
· Broca is wanting to speak, but articulation doesn't work,
and very slow.
"Wer-nick": "were" and "nick" are both words of English
language, but together they are nonsensical.
· Wernick is having good articulation, but saying words
that don't make sense together.
---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin
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Specialization and
Integration
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Specialization & Integration
Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and
speaking words
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The Brain’s Plasticity
The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our
experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s
ability to modify itself after some
type of injury or illness.
You tube
Hydrocephaly at Learner.org
Link 44:11
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Split Brain
 a condition in which
the two hemispheres
of the brain are
isolated by cutting
the corpus Callosum.
 Sperry and
Gazzaniga are key
researchers in this
area.
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Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum severed, objects
(apple) presented in the right visual field
can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left
visual field cannot.
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Split Brain
“What word
did you see?”
or
“Look at the dot.”
Two words separated
by a dot are
momentarily projected.
“Point with
your left
hand to the
word you
saw.”
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Figure 2.38 Try this!
Myers: Psychology, Eighth77
Edition
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Split brain links
http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_
window.html?pid=1573
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ZMLzP1VCANo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=k09bvGv0roo&feature=related
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Our brains are lateralized.
A number of brain scan studies show
normal individuals engage their right
brain when completing a spatial,
artistic or musical task and their left
brain when carrying out a linguistic
or logical task. The Divided Brain on TED 11:48
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Fun with your Hemispheres
Rotate your dominant hand in one direction while at
the same time rotating the opposite foot in the other
direction.
No problem since controlled by two hemispheres
Now, rotate your dominant hand in one direction
while at the same time rotating the foot on the same
side in the other direction.
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Link Gender
Diff at Nat. Geo
4:46
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Are you right or left brained…
Fold your hands together…hold it…
Supposedly…. If the left thumb comes on
top, you are right brained and artistic,
adventurous and accommodative. If the
right thumb is on the top, you are
analytical, fluent with words and
conservative.
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Unnumbered 2.1 Which one is happier?
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition85
Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers
Brain Organization &
Handedness
Is handedness inherited? Yes. Archival and
historic studies, as well as modern medical
studies, show that the right hand is preferred.
This suggests genes and/or prenatal factors
influence handedness.
Why do we care…it appears that while most
humans are right handed, apes are equally
divided into right and left handers…
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Is it ok to be Left Handed?
The percentage of left-handed individuals
decreases sharply in samples of older people.
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Scientist suffers a stroke
http://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor
_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html 18:41
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VS Ramchandran on the
connection between brain
tissue and the mind
http://www.ted.com/talks/vilayanur_rama
chandran_on_your_mind.html
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Plasticity at google talks
1:05.21
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tRdD
qXgsJ0&feature=related&safety_mode=tr
ue&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active
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