Transcript Document

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Key terms from this chapter to know. They are found in this
presentation or within the chapter of your text.
Agricultural density
Agricultural revolution
Arithmetic density
Census
Crude birth rate (CBR)
Crude death rate (CDR)
Demographic transition
Demography
Dependency ratio
Doubling time
Epidemiologic transition
Epidemiology
Ecumene
Industrial Revolution
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Life expectancy
Medical revo lution
Natural increase rate (NIR)
Overpopulation
Pandemic
Physiological densit y
Population pyramid
Sex ratio
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Zero population grow th (ZPG)
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Chapter 2…Population
Demography is the study of population.
Population Geography (Geodemography) is the study of everything about
human population, including; density, distribution, fertility, gender, living
standard, health, age, nutrition, mortality, mobility.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the average number of children born to a woman in
a country. To keep the country’s population at the same number the TFR needs
to be 2.1 (Why 2.1? To replace each parent plus plan for some infant death.)
The highest recorded TFR was 8.1 in Kenya in 1980, while the lowest is
presently .80 in Italy. Immigration is not counted in the TFR. Some countries
are trying to cut their TFR and population (China) while others are actually
trying to increase their population (Russia). Why would they do that? What
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happens to your country if you have to few people?
Population distributions are studies describing where people live
in greater detail. Geographers often use colors or dots on a
thematic map to show the population of a place. Some
populations are grouped into clusters.
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One of the ways to study population is to study the population density of a place. Remember Arithmetic
density (or population density) Agricultural density and Physiologic density from last chapter. (Is Egypt
crowded or not?) The below map shows how the truth about the population of a place depends on which
type of density you examine.
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Is our world overcrowded? That depends on where you are looking.
Malthus’s: “An Essay on the Principals of Population” is the first study of
human population growth. This 1789 work predicted world wide starvation
by 1850 because his statistics showed the Earth’s population growth was
far faster than food production could feed. Was he wrong or just wrong
about the date? Modern followers of Malthus are known as NeoMalthusians.
Population and scale: the truth about our Earth’s population problem is
that there are different problems depending on the scale of the place we
are studying. The population on a local scale may be far different than the
problem at a national or global scale. Russia is under-populated, but
Moscow isn’t.
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Malthus: Theory & Reality
When the population becomes more than the amount of food produced, we will face world wide starvation.
Malthus predicted world wide starvation by 1850. Why was he wrong? Could he still be right?
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One of the easiest ways to grasp the problem of population is to
study the doubling time of a place. The doubling time is the number
of years it takes for that place to double in population. The faster a
place doubles in population the more the population can be a
problem.
Afghanistan’s doubling time…..14.5
Uganda’s……………………………..26
Mexico’s………………………………41.2
India’s…………………………………..43.8
Canada’s………………………………175
The US………………………………...116.6
Germany’s…………………………….never
The world’s……………………………61
This means that Afghanistan will need to double
its jobs and its food production in just 14.5 years.
The US has much longer time to increase what it
needs for its population growth.
Compare the US growth to Mexico’s. Can you see
why Mexico faces more poverty than the US?
Double its population in 41.2 years is a serious
problem.
Germany is losing population. Is that a good or
bad thing? Who will be the future workers and
consumers in Germany if their population keeps
dropping?
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Future population
• Doubling time = 70 ÷ natural increase rate. The natural
increase rate is the result of subtracting the death rate
from the birth rate.
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR) is the number of births per year per 1000 people in
the country.
Crude Death Rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per year per 1000 people
in the country.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR) is the % that the population grows per year.
You subtract the CDR from the CBR. This does not include immigrants
coming into your country.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the number of babies who die before age 1.
Child Mortality Rate (CMR) is the number of children age 1-5 who die.
Life Expectancy is the number of years, on average, that people expect to
live. This tells you a lot about a countries health care.
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World-wide infant mortality rate. 2013
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The World’s Population Growth
• 0 AD
• 1803 AD
• 1903 AD
• 1950 AD
• 1987 AD
• 1998 AD
• 2011 AD
250 Million People
1 Billion People
1.6 Billion People
3.0 Billion People
5.0 Billion People
6.0 Billion People
7.0 Billion People
Does it look like the rate is slowing?
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Malthus’s Theory vs. Boserup’s:
Economist Ester Boserup ( 1910-1999) disagreed with Malthus. She
believed that man could improve food production and that the more the
need, the more man would work to fill that need. Her theory is more
optimistic about the future of man.
She believed that:
1. The higher the population, the more people were available to work on
food production.
2. The higher the population, the more machinery and industry would be
put to work to produce more food.
3. The higher the population, the more fertilizers and scientific
improvements would result in more food production.
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Population J-Curve
Who is correct about the
future, Malthus or Boserup?
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World and Country Population Totals:
Distribution and Structure: 3/4 of people live on only 5% of earth's surface!
Total: 6 billion on planet as of Oct. 12, 1999. 7 Billion in 2011
The four most populous regions and countries:
•
•
•
•
REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION
East Asia
1.8 billion
China
1.254 billion
S. Asia
1.2 billion
India
986 million
Europe
750 million
Russia
274 million
SE Asia
600 million
Indonesia
206 million
•
•
NOTE THAT NEITHER N. OR S. AMERICA IS ON THIS LIST
N. America comes in 5th
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Comparison of Total fertility rates with Infant Mortality rates:
Look at the population
situation in Niger. The
average woman has 7-8
children in her lifetime
and over 100/1000
babies die each year.
WHY??????????????
Total Fertility Rates
The average number of children born
to a woman in her lifetime.
Infant Mortality Rates
How many infants die each year out of every 1000 born.
• Notice that places with high TFRs tend to have high
IMRs and that places with low TFRs have low IMRs.
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Quiz yourself #1:
1. ______________ predicted worldwide starvation by 1850.
2. The average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime…A) CMR B) TFR C) IMR D) NIR
3. Subtracting the CDR from the CBR gives you the…A) NIR B) TFR C) ABR D) Population curve E) none of these
4. The truth about our Earth’s population problem is that there are different problems depending on the ______ of the
place we are studying. A) culture B) position C) poverty D) scale E) NIR
5. To keep a country’s population level, the country needs a TFR that is _______. A) level B) constant C) under 2 D) 2.1
E) over 4
6. ____________ is the number of years it takes a country to double its population.
7. Three out of every four people on planet Earth live on ____% of the Earth’s surface. A) 10 B) 6 C) 50 D) 5 E) 75
8. True of false, the entire Earth has a overpopulation problem.
9. The number of babies who die between age 1-5 is known as…A) Infant Mortality rate B) ABR C) Crude Mortality rate
D) Child Mortality rate E) CBR
10. Boserup’s theory says that mankind will…
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Quiz yourself #1 answer key:
1. Malthus
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. D
6. Doubling time
7. 5
8. False
9. D
10. Boserup believed that man will overcome any food shortage problem through better science, machinery,
technology and hard work.
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The Demographic Transition Model (DTM): a scientific model used to
explain how medical advances lead to economic and social improvement in a
country.
This model explains how a country ‘s population growth changes over time and that as the
population growth changes, so does the country’s economic development. Every country was at one
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time in stage 1. No country is in stage 1 today. Country’s in stage 4 and 5 are rich and powerful today.
What do the stages show?
Stage 1-Low population growth because the high birth rate is canceled by the high death rate. This was the ancient world
with a lack of real medical knowledge. From 1 AD to 1650 the Earth’s population grew very slowly to only about 500 million.
Stage 2- High population growth stage because better medical ability lowered the death rate but the birth rate remained
high. Countries in this stage have a population explosion going on. This stage really started with the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution in the 1700’s. Not all countries moved into this stage at the same time as the Industrial Revolution (IR) didn’t diffuse
worldwide quickly. Most of the world has moved through this stage (the US did by 1890).
Those countries that are in this stage are LEDC’s (Less Economically Developed Countries) which are still trying to catch up
with the modern world economies (the MEDC’s or More Economically Developed Countries). LEDC’s have little money for
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anything beyond family care and migration from/within their country is common.
Stage 3- Moderate population growth stage because the birth rate has
dropped closer to the death rate. This shows that the people have chosen to
lower their birth rate. This happens for several reasons:




Women working in jobs often delay marriage and childbearing
Better medical care reduced the need to have many children.
Countries in this stage have become more urban with factory/business jobs
instead of farming jobs. Children were useful on the farm but not so useful in
factories/businesses.
The advent of contraceptives has changed child production.
A country in stage 3 will begin to develop better economic growth because less
money will have to be spent on the young children.
Stage 4- Low population growth stage because the birth rate has fallen
very close to the death rate. A country in this stage is often a MEDC (More
Economically Developed Country) as they have a high economic
development and are enjoying the “Demographic Dividend” of a lower
population.
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The Demographic Dividend is the economic boom a family gets from not having
to spend money on children. This money can be spent on other things (nice cars)
which creates even more jobs in the country. The biggest population growth
comes from immigration of people coming to these countries for jobs/better lives.
This helps explain why so many immigrants come to the US. This stage often
includes educated women who are very involved in the workforce. Can you name a
country in this stage? (USA.)
Stage 5- no growth or negative growth and aging. This stage has only existed in
the last 15 years or so. In this stage the birth rate is lower or equal to the death
rate. Their population is shrinking. Is this good, or a problem for a country? These
countries usually have an aging population as they have the money, and better
medical care to help people live longer, but what happens to them in the future?
Russia, Sweden, Italy and others face this problem today.
Future population growth We can’t be sure but the latest evidence is that the
world’s population growth rate is slowing.
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Quiz yourself #2:
1. Three-quarters of the Earth’s people live on only _______% of
the Earth’s surface. A) 10 B) 18 C) 5 D) 25 E) all
2. ______ is the average number of children born to a woman in a
country.
3. ______ predicted in 1789 that the world’s population growth was
so out of control that mass starvation would happen by 1850.
4. ______ is the number of births per year per 1000 people in the
country.
5. ______ is the number of children age 1-5 who die.
6. ______ is the number of years it takes for a place to double in
population.
7. Stage _____ of the DTM has no or negative growth with aging.
8. Stage of the DTM which features a high birth rate but little
growth due to a very high death rate.
9. Stage of the DTM where women become important for more
than child bearing.
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Quiz yourself #2 answers:
1.C
2. Total Fertility rate (TFR)
3. Malthus
4. Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
5. Chile Mortality Rate (CMR)
6. Doubling time
7. Stage 5
8. Stage 1
9. Stage 3
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In truth, the world’s population birth rate is slowing, however just because the
growth rate is slowing doesn’t mean a population problem won’t exist in the
future. When you are at 7 billion people just a 1% increase per year is still 7
million people PER YEAR.
Malthus could still be right. The top population expert in the world is the
Population Reference Bureau at www.prb.org
Population composition tells you a lot about a country by looking at the
percentage of men and women and the percentage of young and old in the
country. The % of men and women matter depending on the role of women in
that country. (Do women get to work outside the home? Do they receive the
same pay as men?) The age situation matters because of how much money has
to be spent taking care of the young and old who are not workers.
Population Pyramids are visual models used to show the population data of a
given place. Ages are shown in 5 year cohorts with men on the left and women
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on the right.
Population Pyramids:
A population pyramid is very useful in
studying the population situation of a
place. Males are always on the left with
females on the right. Each step of the
pyramid is a 5 year period. The first 3
steps of this pyramid (orange) are
composed of children under age 15 who
are considered to young to work. The
middle portion (yellow) are working age
adults 15-65) and the top (green) are age
66 and above and are considered to old to
work. The under 15 and over 65 group are
considered dependents who must be
taken care of by the working age group.
This pyramid shows the population of a
country with a good population situation
in that it has more workers than
dependents. The workers will have extra
money to spend which creates more jobs
in the country.
The next few population pyramid slides
will show you different population
situations, some of which demonstrate
the problems many poor countries face
due to their population distribution.
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LEDC
Developing country
(poor)
Less Economically Developed Country
MEDC
Relatively Developed country
Developed country
(rich)
More economically developed country
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The enormous number of children under age 15 is a huge problem for Guatemala. How do you feed this
many? Where will future jobs for them come from? What does this do to Guatemala? Can you see why
so many Guatemalans migrate out of the country? Where do they go? Guatemala is a stage 2 country.
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Like many European countries, Italy has the opposite problem of Guatemala…to few children. This is
a problem because where will the future workers, customers in the stores, and tax payers come
from if Italy continues this population decline? Italy is a stage 5 country.
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Why does East Lansing
have such a strange
pyramid with such a
huge number of people
in the 15-29 cohort?
( because it’s the home of
Michigan State University and
they have lots of college age kids)
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The pyramid of the US shows that presently we have a healthy situation with more workers than
dependents, although there is a large number of future retirees (the baby boomers) in the 45-60 age
range with slightly fewer working age people behind them. Note the predicted 2050 pyramid on the right
which predicts a very large range of dependents in the under 15 and over 65 range.
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Unalaska AK is a crab
fishing camp way out on
the Aleutian islands.
Naples Florida is a
retirement community.
Laredo Texas is a key point
for immigration into the
US from Mexico and Latin
America.
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World population pyramids for:
1965
2012
projection for 2050
It looks like the world’s population growth is slowing down, however it still is very high in
the poorest countries on Earth.
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Key Terms to know:
Dependency Ratio is the number of people in your population which are either
too young or too old to work and are dependent on the working age group. The
poorest countries have the biggest dependency ratio.
Disease is a large population problem. Diseases like AIDS cause enormous
problems for many countries. In 2002 over 25% of the 15-49 age group in
Zimbabwe were infected with AIDS. How does this add to the poverty in
Zimbabwe? Sick workers can’t work. The poor spend what little they have on
medicine (if they can get it). The country is ravaged by AIDS
Chronic diseases are diseases of old age. They are now the #1 killers on the
planet. Two hundred years ago we died of diarrhea, pneumonia and simple
infections. Today’s top killers are things we didn’t use to live long enough to get;
cancer, heart disease, stroke and lung ailments.
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The number of
people who test
positive for AIDS
in Botswana is
staggering. They
didn’t cause it
but it is
destroying their
population. Note
that in one area
of the country
40% of the
pregnant
women test
positive for
AIDS. Most of
their babies will
be born with it.
(In their blood)
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Epidemiologic Transition (ET): An important part of the Demographic Transition
(DT) is the death rate. The ET looks for the causes of the deaths in each stage of
the DT. In stage 1 of the DT there are lots of birth and death. The death comes
from a society which doesn’t have basic medical care and/or lots of disease or
war. Pandemics kill millions. In stage 2 better medical care has reduced the
death rate so the population soars. Pandemics are reduced. In stages 3 and 4
other diseases take the place of the pandemics. Chronic disorders reduce the
population of mostly older people who wouldn’t have lived that long back in
stage 1 or 2. The US, with all its medical care and money, has a higher crude
death rate than many poor countries because of age.
Expansive population policies and eugenic population policies: In the last 100
years governments have gotten involved in population. Some governments
have tried to encourage population growth through tax benefits or money
incentives. Reasons were: 1. To increase their population for ideological reasons.
2. Because their populations were aging and a younger group was needed. 38
In the past some governments have tried to favor one racial or cultural group by increasing the
birth rate of the chosen group and curtailing the growth of another (NAZI Germany). This is called
Eugenics. Do you think governments should decide who can have children and who can’t?
Restrictive population policies and Genocide: Some countries have tried to cut back population
through means that range from free birth control to a ban on producing children. (China’s famous
“One Child” policy 1990-today). Some even murder those considered to be inferior. Hundreds of
cases of genocide can be found in human history and it happens today. China has an enormous
number of abortions of females because males are considered more important.
Trying to control your population has many problems. Sweden tried to raise its population in the
1990s through government payments for parents to have children, time off for parents, and other
incentives. While the birth rate briefly shot up, it soon returned to a lower level (as soon as the
government stopped the payments) and Sweden began having a problem with schools… In 2007
Sweden had 130,000 high school graduates; by 2010 it dropped to 75,000. They had to close some
schools and fire some teachers. Was this attempt to boost the Swedish population a success? Was
it wise in the first place? Russia and a few other countries are trying things like this today.
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China’s new advertisements for
their one child policy: Please take
a moment and visit this website.
http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/side
show/china-soften-one-childpolicy-slogans-not-law200726036.html
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Religion and culture also play a big role in population levels. The Catholic
Church forbids birth control... (Strangely one of the countries with the lowest
birth rate is Italy?)…and culture groups such as Hindu’s in India believe that if a
woman gets pregnant it is because she was supposed to and you should do
nothing to stop or prevent it.
The need among many of the world’s poor to have many children for farm
labor also contributes to the difficulty to lower birth rates. If your country has a
high IMR or CMR you need to produce many children to insure that some reach
adulthood for work. In many poor countries, children are the retirement plan
for the adults. People living in a country with a high IMR or CMR will feel the
need to produce many children to insure that some of them reach adulthood to
take care of them in their old age.
Neo-Malthusians: Those who believe Malthus was/is right. But the date isn’t
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known.
The role of culture in population growth:
Within many cultures there has been a centuries old system for the men to have the key role of ownership and
power and for women to be mainly the source for children. Arranged marriages, lack of women’s rights and
women’s unequal standing in the community has been the norm within many societies. Men had the jobs, men
were more educated, and men held the power. This view continues in many LEDC countries today.
A very important point to understand is that when women are more important to the family as workers, they
will be seen as more than baby making machines. When women can bring in money to the family the family will
not want the woman to be tied down with many children to take care of. Note that in the “western” MEDC
countries, there are fewer children born in a family. This is largely because the woman is seen as an equal
partner in the overall economy of the family.
Remember that a family with fewer children will have a better chance of enjoying the demographic dividend of
having more money to spend on more items for the family. This increases the spending on items such as cars
which in turn creates more jobs in the society. More money spent on items other than food, creates more jobs
which then creates more wealth within the country.
Less money spent on non food items means there will be fewer jobs in that country. Having a large number of
children to feed reduces the money the family has available for other things and keeps the economy at a lower
level of prosperity. There is a direct relationship between the number of dependents in a country and the
prosperity (or lack there of) that the country enjoys.
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Solutions to Population Growth:
• Education;
• Birth Control;
• Socialization;
Especially for women. This leads to jobs.
Free or low cost.
Women become valuable for more than baby
making machines.
• Abortion;
Is it morally right?
• Sterilization; Is it morally right?
• Government mandate; Can they be trusted to make the right
decisions? China? NAZI’s?
• Population redistribution; Migration.
• Religion;
Often violates religious beliefs.
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Out of
every 1000
women
age 15-19,
how many
give birth
each year?
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The End of chapter 2.
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APHUG Chapter 2 Test
These questions come from a combination of our slides, your text book, and common knowledge you should have discussed in your AP classroom.
1. The number of males per hundred females in the population is known as the …A) Gender density B) MFR C) sex ratio D) Gender related
ratio E) GDP
2. The world's largest concentration of people is located in…A) China B) Europe C) S. America D) East Asia E) India
3. The basic reason that Malthus was wrong in his prediction of world famine in the 1800’s was…A) he picked the wrong dates B) he didn’t
know about the Industrial Revolution’s effect on food production C) he didn’t account for the natural decrease rate. D) his math was faulty
4. A decline in a country's crude birth rate would result in an increase in the country's…A) doubling time B) sex ratio C) DTN stage D) IMR
E) CMR
5. For every 1,000 babies born in Mozambique this year, nearly 150 of them will die before they reach their first birthday. The rate of 150 deaths
per 1,000 births is known as the…A) child mortality rate B) crude birth rate C) infant mortality rate D) life expectancy E) none of these
6. A country with a large amount of arable land and a small number of farmers will have a…A) low physiological density. B) high agricultural
density.
C) low agricultural density.
D) high physiological density.
7. If the physiological density is much larger than the arithmetic density, then a country has…A) inefficient farmers. B) a small percentage of
land suitable for agriculture. C) too many people for the available resources. D) a large number of farmers.
8. The percentage of people who are too young or too old to work in a society is the…A) dependency rate B) bottom cohort of a population
pyramid
C) key reason for poverty D) normally 50% of the population E) both B and D
9. Physiological density is the number of… A) acres of farmland. B) farmers per area of farmland. C) persons per area suitable for agriculture.
D) people per area of land
10. India's most controversial family planning program has been to… A) allocate housing on the basis of one child per family. B) sterilize people.
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C) prohibit marriage until age 27 for men and age 25 for women. D) legalize abortions.
11. The low rate of contraceptive use in Africa reflects the region's… A) improving education of women. B) low status of women. C) rapid
diffusion of contraceptives D) all the above
12. More developed countries moved from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of the demographic transition 200 years ago in part because of…
A). invention of new technology. B) people moving to cities. C) women choosing to enter the labor force. D) the agricultural revolution
13. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15, while Country Y has a crude birth rate of 20 and a crude death rate of
9. Which country has a higher natural increase rate? A) Country X B) Country Y C) The rate is the same in both countries. D) The rate
can't be computed.
14. The highest natural increase rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4
15. The lowest crude birth rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
16. The highest crude death rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
17. India and the United Kingdom have approximately the same arithmetic density. From this we can conclude that the two countries have
the same… A) number of people per area of land.
B) pressure placed by people on the land to produce food. C) level of output per
farmer. D) all the above
18. The medical revolution has been characterized by A) development of new inventions.
of new medicines. D) increased agricultural productivity
B) diffusion of medical practices. C) invention
19. The average number of births women bear in their lifetimes is… A) crude birth rate.
D) natural increase rate
B) crude death rate. C) total fertility rate.
20. One important feature of the world's population with the most significant future implications is that…A) the most rapid growth is occurring
in the less developed countries. B) it is increasing more slowly than in the past. C) there are more people alive in the world now than at any
time in the past. D) people are uniformly distributed across Earth.
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21. The world's population is clustered in five regions. Which of the following is not one of these five regions? A) Sub-Saharan Africa B) Western
Europe C) East Asia D) Southeast Asia
22. Thomas Malthus concluded that…A) moral restraint was producing lower crude birth rates B) population increased arithmetically while food
production increased geometrically. C) the world's rate of population increase was higher than the development of food supplied
D) population growth was outpacing available resources in every country.
23. The shape of a country's population pyramid is determined primarily by its
A) crude death rate. B) dependency rate. C) sex ratio. D) crude birth rate.
24. The world's population in 1995 was approximately 6 billion and was expected to reach 12 billion in approximately 45 years. The period of 45
years is known as A) doubling time.
B) life expectancy. C) natural increase rate. D) overpopulation.
25. Costa Rica has a lower crude death rate than Sweden because Costa Rica A) has a milder climate B) has more hospitals per person. C) has a
lower percentage of elderly people.. D) is in Stage 4 of the demographic transition.
26. Life expectancy is lowest in A) Africa. B) Asia. C) North America D) Western Europe .
27. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15. In what stage of the demographic transition is this X in? A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4
28. The total number of live births per year per 1,000 people in a society is the
A) crude birth rate. B) life expectancy rate. C) natural increase rate. D) total fertility rate.
29. The most populous country in the world is A) China. B) Russia. C) Java. D) India
30. Land suited for agriculture is called A) population density. B) arable land. C) agricultural density. D) physiological density
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31. Which of the following rates are not typically found to be low in less developed countries? A) infant mortality rate B) crude birth
rate C) crude death rate D) natural increase rate
32. Among world countries, the spread between the highest and lowest crude death rates is ________ than the spread between the
highest and lowest crude birth rates. A) less B) the same as C) more related to income D) greater
33. China's one child policy has resulted in a substantial decline in all but which of the following? A) crude birth rate B) total fertility
rate C) natural increase rate D) doubling time
34. In contrast to the experience of more developed countries, less developed countries entered Stage 2 of the demographic transition
through A) diffusion of medical technology from other countries. B) creation of higher levels of wealth. C) diffusion of the Industrial
Revolution.
D) profound changes in their economic and social systems.
35. Rapidly declining crude death rates are found in which stage of the demographic transition? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
36. Of the following four countries, the highest natural increase rate is found in
A) Colombia. B) Denmark. C) Uganda. D) China.
37. Of the following four countries, the lowest crude birth rate is found in
A) Colombia. B) Denmark. C) Uganda. D) China.
38. Geographers define overpopulation as A) too many people compared to resources. B) too many people in the world. C) Too
many people in a region. D) all of the above
39. Human beings avoid all but which of these regions? A) cold lands B) dry lands C) warm lands D) wet lands
40. The annual global population growth rate increased approximately ten thousand years ago because of the A) Industrial Revolution
B) agricultural revolution. C) demographic transition. D) medical revolution. E) Ice Age
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The following questions are written at the high school level. You will find some questions from part one often
rewritten here. This is all designed to help you transition to the college/AP style of written questions.
41. The basic reason that Malthus was wrong in his prediction of world famine in the 1800’s was A) he picked the wrong dates B) he didn’t know about the Industrial
Revolution’s effect on food production C) he didn’t account for the natural decrease rate. D) his math was faulty
42. The low rate of contraceptive (birth control) use in Africa reflects the region's…A) improving education of women. B) low status of women. C) rapid diffusion of
contraceptives D) all the above
43. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15, while Country Y has a crude birth rate of 20 and a crude death rate of 9. Which country has a
higher natural increase rate? A) Country X B) Country Y
C) The rate is the same in both countries. D) The rate can't be computed.
44. The lowest crude birth rates are found in countries in which stage of the demographic transition? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4
45. The average number of births women bear in their lifetimes is… A) crude birth rate. B) crude death rate.
C) total fertility rate. D) natural increase rate
46. The world's population in 1995 was approximately 6 billion and was expected to reach 12 billion in approximately 45 years. The period of 45 years is known as
A) doubling time. B) life expectancy. C) natural increase rate. D) overpopulation.
47. Costa Rica has a lower crude death rate than Sweden because Costa Rica A) has a milder climate B) has more hospitals per person. C) has a lower percentage of
elderly people.. D) is in Stage 4 of the demographic transition.
48. Country X has a crude birth rate of 40 and a crude death rate of 15. In what stage of the demographic transition is this X in? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
49. China's one child policy has resulted in a substantial decline in all but which of the following? A) crude birth rate B) total fertility rate C) natural increase rate
D) doubling time
50. ______ is the average number of children born to a woman in a country. A) IMR B) TFR C) CBR D) CMR E) MDC
51. ______ is the number of children age 1-5 who die. A) IMR B) CRB C) TFR D) CMR D) CDR
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52. ______________ is a scientific model used to explain how medical advances, and population gain or loss, lead to economic and social improvement in a country.
A) Malthus’s model B) Zone Transition model
C) Demographic Transition model D) none of these
53. Which of these is one of the key reasons that population increase can drop in a stage 3 country? A) fewer marriages take place B) more marriages take place
C) abortion of female babies D) women become more important and more educated E) women become less important and less educated.
54. _______ are visual models used to show the population data of a given place. A) population pyramids
charts E) none of these
A
B
B) transition zone models C) choropleth charts D) TFR
C
55. Which of the charts above shows a LDC (LEDC) country?
56. Why is it a LDC? A) low birth rate B) too many retired people C) low growth rate
D) more workers than dependents
E) more dependents than workers
57. For the chart above showing a MDC (MEDC), which of these is more likely to happen in 30 years? A) There will be more children than people over 65. B) There
will be more workers than people over 65 C) There will be more people over 65 than workers D) There will be more children than workers.
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58. Before 100 years ago, people didn’t live long enough to get ____________ which are diseases of old age. A) Epthmiologic diseases
B) Chronic diseases C) Genealogical diseases
D) Biological diseases E) Zylomic diseases
59. ________ is an attempt to increase your population by increasing the birth rate of the chosen group and curtailing the growth of
another…A) Eugenics B) Genocide C) Infanticide
D) TFR expansion E) Malthusian expansion
60. _______ says that population growth is ok because population growth causes technological change which raises the ability of the world
to handle a big population. A) Trans-growth theory B) Boserupian theory
C) Malthusian theory D) the Demographic Transition Model
61. In the Demographic Transition model, stage 1…A) no longer exists B) exists in Sub-Saharan Africa C) can signal a return to a high
death rate D) leads to a high population increase E) always causes a drop in population
62. In the Demographic Transition model, stage 4…A) no longer exists B) is where MDC’s are found C) is where LDC’s are found
D) has a high birth rate
63. Which of these happened but was not something the Chinese government expected would happen when they went to the one child
policy? A) a drop in the population growth rate B) a rise in the population growth rate C) a rise in the abortion rate of girls D) a drop in
the abortion rate of girls E) an increase in the number of marriages.
64. The latest population evidence shows that the world’s population growth rate is… A) doubling faster than expected B) dropping in
LDC’s more than MDC’s C) speeding up
D) dropping more in MDC’s than in LDC’s
E) slowing
65. The earth is overpopulated…A) everywhere B) in Europe C) depending on the scale D) in MDC’s E) in stage 5 countries
Now proceed to the FR questions beginning on the next page.
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APHUG Chapter 2 Free Response #1
Total Score: _______________
A.
Name any country in the world which could fit the pyramid below, BUT make
sure you explain exactly why the country you name fits the pyramid.
B.
What stage of the DTM is this country in and explain why.
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APHUG Chapter 2 Free Response #2.
Your score ______________
A. Are the world’s population problems the same at a global scale as they are at a local
scale? WHY OR WHY NOT.
B. What is the difference in the population problem in Western Europe from that in
Sub-Saharan Africa?
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Key to the multiple choice questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
C
D
B
A
C
C
B
A
B
B
11. B
12. A
13. A
14. B
15. D
16. A
17. A
18. B
19. C
20. A
21. A
22. C
23. D
24. A
25. C
26. A
27. D
28. A
29. A
30. B
31. C
32. A
33. D
34. A
35. B
36. C
37. B
38. A
39. C
40. B
Part 2:
41. B
42. B
43. A
44. D
45. C
46. A
47. C
48. D
49. D
50. B
51. D
52. C
53. D
54. A
55. A
56. E
57. C
58. B
59. A
60. B
61. A
62. B
63. C
64. E
65. C
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Free Response answers:
These two FR’s are worth a total of 65 points.
FR #1:
A. Any country that is a MDC (MEDC) such as the USA. Your explanation should talk about the fact that this pyramid
shows that the country has more workers than dependents in the under 15 or over 65 age groups. This part of the
question is worth 15 points.
B.
Stages 4 and/or 5 are the correct answers. The reason is that the pyramid shows that this country’s birth rate has
dropped below what was the birth rate of the working age group. There are fewer children being born and this only
happens in stages 4 or 5. This part is worth 20 points.
FR#2:
A. The world’s population problems are not the same everywhere. To find out the situation of a place, you must
examine where that place is on the earth. While many countries are experiencing overpopulation some have the
opposite problem of under population. Overpopulation takes place mostly in the Less Economically Developed
Countries (LEDC’s) where birth control is rarely used. Under population takes place mostly in highly developed
More Economically Developed Countries (MEDC’s) where adults choose not to have many children. (15 points)
B. Western Europe has the opposite population problem of Sub-Saharan Africa. Western Europe is composed of
MEDC countries, most of which have chosen to limit their population and enjoy the demographic dividend that
comes from having fewer children to spend money on. Western Europe faces a future or under population with
lower populations of workers and tax payers. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest birth rate on Earth as their social
and economic situations, and their need for child labor, prevents them from cutting back their population rate. SubSaharan Africa continues to face the poverty, food shortages and economic problems of overpopulation. (15 points)
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Calculating your grade on test #2.
Add how many you got correct on the multiple choice part (65 possible) to how many
points you scored on the FR portion (65 possible)…130 total.
The following scale will show the approximate score if this test were the real AP exam. Remember that
this is an approximation. While 65-74% is normally the range for a 3 on the test, it is not definite. Over
the years I have seen scores as low as 60% be the low portion of a 3 score.
Out of 130 possible points:
78-97 is most likely a 3
98-116 is most likely a 4
117-130 is most likely a 5
Now lets move on to the next chapter/key topic…the
study of migration.
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