Transcript Understanding Korean Integration

Contemporary issues in
Korean immigration
Advancing a research agenda
Ann H. Kim, Department of Sociology, York University
Metropolis Brown Bag Series * Citizenship and Immigration Canada
16 December 2008 * Ottawa
A framework
Sending country
- Politics
- Economics
- Culture
- Social welfare
Bilateral linkages
between states
Receiving country
- Politics
- Economics
- Culture
- Social welfare
Transnational ties
Modes of incorporation
- Governmental
- Societal
- Co-ethnic community
- Institutional determinants
Individual/family traits
Dimensions of integration
- Spatial
- Economic
- Social
- Cultural
Today’s presentation
• History of immigration
• Settlement patterns and emerging gateways
• Current community profile and transnationalism
• Economic integration and entrepreneurship
• Additional areas for investigation:
•
The second generation
•
Immigrant seniors
•
Religious organizations
• Data needs
• Summary of research priorities
A 45-year history?
• Diplomatic relations began in 1963
• First Canadian embassy in Korea in 1973
• Canada’s military presence during the Korean
war, 1950-1953
• Official Canadian involvement in Korea in 1947
• Christian missionaries, late 19th century
Migration flows – 1973-2006
Pre-1963:
Missionary
students
1963-1986:
Permanent settlers
1997-2003:
Asian
financial
crisis
1987-1996: The
business class
2004-:
Emerging
gateways
12000
300000
10000
250000
8000
200000
6000
150000
4000
100000
2000
50000
Korea
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
0
1973
0
Total
Sources: Landed Immigrants, CLPR, Immigration Statistics Years 1973 to 1996 (Employment and Immigration
Canada), 2006 Facts and Figures (CIC)
Recent destinations, CMAs
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1996
1997
1998
Toronto
1999
Vancouver
2000
2001
2002
Montreal
Calgary
Edmonton
Source: Intended Destination, 2006 Facts and Figures (CIC)
2003
Winnipeg
2004
2005
Korean immigrants in Canada, CMAs (%)
Canada
Toronto
Vancouver
Calgary
Montréal
Edmonton
Immigrant
Pre-1991
98,395
40.5
31.5
4.9
3.1
2.3
26,500
51.5
22.2
3.1
3.6
3.2
Source: Landed Immigrants, 2006 Census (Statistics Canada)
1991-2000 2001-2006
36,450
37.2
36.8
4.2
3.2
2.0
35,445
35.6
32.9
6.9
2.7
2.0
Recent arrivals
• Gradual dispersion to emerging gateways:
Calgary, Winnipeg, Edmonton, Hamilton,
Abbotsford, Atlantic Canada
• PNP  Winnipeg
•
• Research questions:
•
•
•
Impact of PNP
Adjustment for both immigrants and local
communities
Attraction and retention
Ethnic Koreans by region
North
0%
Atlantic
1%
BC
35%
Prairies
11%
Source: Ethnic Origins, 2006 Census (Statistics Canada)
Central
53%
Ethnic Koreans, temporary residents
Canada
Toronto
Vancouver
Calgary
Montréal
Edmonton
Ethnic
Immigrant
146,545
39.1
31.4
4.8
3.3
2.6
98,395
40.5
31.5
4.9
3.1
2.3
Temporary
+
Source: Ethnic Origins, Immigrant Status, 2006 Census (Statistics Canada)
20,840
26.4
41.1
5.3
3.7
4.1
Foreign student flows
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2000
2001
2002
Korea
Source: Annual Flow, 2006 Facts and Figures (CIC)
2003
China
France
2004
Japan
2005
2006
Foreign students
•
Growth facilitated by:
•
Access to money
•
Governmental/non-governmental interventions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Student visa exemption in 1994
Canadian Experience Class in 2008
Increasing contact between educational
systems
Export education industry
Foreign students, transnational families
• Transnationalism and the global economy
• Two types: kirogi families, ‘parachute’ children
• Research questions:
•
•
•
•
•
Quality of care under legal guardians
Access to programs and support
Settlement, adaptation, health, reluctance to
return
Temporary versus permanent streams
Integration in existing Korean communities
Education and income
1
2
3
4
5
7
9
Egyptian
Bangladeshi
Algerian
Korean
Bulgarian
Jewish
Taiwanese
Canada
Univ degree
61.8
48.2
47.9
47.2
46.4
44.9
43.1
17.4
Income (45-64)
$64,137
$33,798
$46,445
$32,085
$48,128
$78,889
$34,919
$48,287
Source: Ethnic Origins, Completed Education, 25+ yrs, Mean Income, Full Time/Year, 2001 Census (Statistics
Canada)
Ethnic entrepreneurship
Korean
Taiwanese
Jewish
Swiss
Armenian
Canada
Self-employed
37.4
28.5
25.9
23.2
22.2
13.8
1 Korean
2 Taiwanese
3 Swiss
Canada
Unpaid family
2.2
1.5
1.0
0.4
1
2
3
4
5
Source: Ethnic Origins, 25+ yrs, 2001 Census (Statistics Canada)
Korean entrepreneurs
• Earliest immigrants worked in factories then turned
to self-employment
• Ethnic niche for recent immigrants
• Research questions:
•
•
•
Determinants of self-employment
Consequences of self-employment – status loss,
work-stress, family life, social engagement
Impact of policy changes: Sunday shopping
legislation, tax policies, trade and the big box
stores, Business Class Program
The 2nd generation
• ~19% of ethnic Koreans
• High levels of education (60% university degree)
• Low levels of self-employment (<10%)
• Research questions:
•
•
Intergenerational mobility - upwardly mobile or
expectedly mobile given parents education?
Determinants of mobility of the second
generation
Korean seniors
• Two groups:
•
•
Immigrants who become seniors
Seniors who become immigrants
• Research questions:
•
•
•
How the age at arrival affects the aging
experience
Implications of sponsorship provisions
Access to culturally- and linguistically-relevant
services
Religion and religious organizations
• 70% Protestant or Catholic
• 80% members of religious organizations
• 300 churches, 10 temples
• Research questions:
•
•
Under what conditions do Korean religious
organizations facilitate the settlement and
integration process of immigrants?
Role of religious organizations in community
development
Data needs
• Landed data, prior to 1973
• PRDS data, prior to 1980
• Temporary resident data, disaggregated
• Foreign student data by level of school
• Temporary to permanent status
• Oversampling of smaller immigrant groups in
national surveys
List of research priority areas
1. Recent arrivals and emerging gateways
2. Foreign students and transnational families
3. Economic integration and self-employment
4. The second generation
5. Immigrant seniors
6. Religious organizations