Transcript DAAD-Mitgliederversammlung

International mobility and cooperation:
The impact of Bologna
Dr. Christian Bode
Bonn, 7 July 2006
CONTENT
I.
The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
II.
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes
IV. The impact of Bologna: Trends, Challenges
07/2006
2
I.
The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
Bologna 1988
• Continuing the European humanist
tradition
• Respect the great harmonies of life
• Inseparability of research and training
• Intellectual and moral independence
• Open to dialogue
• Universal knowledge
07/2006
3
I. The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
Bologna 1999
• Constructing a European Area of H. E.
• International competitiveness of European H. E. system
• Compatibility of systems of H. E. in Europe
• Easily comparable degrees
• Establishment of a system of credits
• Co-operation in quality assurance
Bologna-Conference
Bergen/Norway 2005
07/2006
4
I.
The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
EU Policy and the Bologna Process
European Union
Bologna
Lisbon Declaration 2000
Bologna Declaration 1999
"Europe as the most competitive
and dynamic knowledge-based
economy in the world"
Mobility and Quality

European Research
Area

European Higher
Education Area
07/2006
5
I.
The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
Which Europe?
The EU and ERASMUS Europe
The Europe of the Bologna Process
EU-ERASMUS Länder
Andere ERASMUS Länder: Bulgarien, Island,
Liechtenstein, Norwegen, Rumänien und Türkei
"Europe" has many definitions. The Europe of ERASMUS includes 31 countries. The Europe of the Bologna
Process (the so-called European Higher Education Area) includes 45 signatory countries.
07/2006
6
I.
The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
The Political Goals of Bologna
Political framework for more mobility
• removing obstacles to mobility (recognition of degrees and study
periods with ECTS and Diploma Supplement, visa and work permits)
• facilitating portability of grants and loans (e.g. BAFÖG)
• encouraging participation in mobility programmes
• Funding of mobility provided by national or EU mobility
programmes.
Bologna-Conference
in Berlin 2003
07/2006
7
I.
The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
Mobility: What?
Study-related stays abroad of minimum 3 months
1. Study abroad
2. Internships
3. Intensive language courses
07/2006
8
I.
The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
Mobility: Why?
1. Political/economic reasons
2. Institutional reasons
3. Individual reasons
The ERASMUS Students‘ Experience
findings of Kassel (2005):
More than 90% of all students satisfied with
study abroad
07/2006
9
I.
The Bologna Process: Mobility and Quality
Mobility: When?
Germany
3
2
PHD
Abroad
Co-tutelle
3
Integrated research
abroad
2
1 Master
PHD
1 Master
Graduate year abroad
Master
Master
6 - 12 months
3 + 1 internal Bachelor
3
3
2 Bachelor
Bachelor
1
6 - 12 months free
study
3
6 - 12 months abroad
2 Bachelor
1
07/2006
10
II.
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
German Students abroad: How many?
62.000
Studies:
Internship:
Language Courses:
49.000
1
1999
35% of all Students after 3
years
2
2000
3
2001
4
2002
5
2003
13,5%
13,9%
7,5%
Aim: 50%
07/2006
11
II.
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
International Students in Germany: How many?
200
%
180
166
172%
International
Students
(187.000)
150
160
131
140
116
120
104%
100
105%
98%
80
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
German Students
(1.720.000)
2005
Aim: 10% international students in Germany
In addition there are 60.000 Students with foreign passports but who are permanent residents in
Germany and have graduated at a High School in Germany (so called "Bildungsinländer").
07/2006
12
II.
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
Destination Germany: Home Countries
1.000
3.000
5.000
7.000
9.000
11.000
13.000
26.000
15.000
China
Bulgaria
Poland
Russian Federation
Marocco
Turkey
Ukrania
France
Africa
11%
South
North
America America
4%
2%
Cameroon
Spain
Austria
Rumania
Korea, Dem. Rep
India
Italy
Asia
32%
Georgia
Europe
51%
USA
Source: Federal Statistics Office
Greece
187.000 International Students in Germany
07/2006
13
II.
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
International Student-flow
Europa
766.049
26%
Europa
409.425
14%
N/Amerika
91.668
3,1%
Asien
153.162
5,2%
N/Amerika
493.483
16,7%
Asien
687.959
23,3%
S/Amerika
55.264
1,9%
2,2 Mio.
internationale
Studierende
Australien
Ozeanien
48.298
1,6%
Australien
Ozeanien
15.898
0,5%
S/Amerika
12.678
0,4%
Afrika
185.401
6,3%
Afrika
28.070
1%
Source: IIE Open Doors 2003
07/2006
14
II.
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
Incoming Students to EURODATA Europe: Where they come from
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
China
Germany
Greece
France
Italy
Others
4%
Turkey
United States of America
Spain
Poland
Russian Federation
North American
3%
South American
4%
Other European
Nationalities
8%
EURODATA
Country
Nationalities
43%
Bulgaria
India
Cyprus
Romania
African
17%
Ireland
Slovakia
United Kingdom
Japan
Austria
Portugal
ASIAN
21%
Source: Eurodata 2006
07/2006
15
II.
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
Eurodata Students: Where they go
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
115.000
Germany
104.000
United Kingdom
USA
77.000
France
Spain
Austria
Switzerland
Belgium
United
Staates
13%
Other NonEuropean
Countries
4%
Australia
Sweden
Italy
Netherlands
Greece
Czech Republic
Hungary
Eurodata
Countries
83%
Denmark
Norway
Ireland
Source: Eurodata 2006
Most European Students who study abroad don't leave Europe. A substantial group goes to the US whereas other non07/2006
European countries don‘t play a significant role. "Emerging" host countries are Australia and China.
16
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes
How to increase mobility?
1. Information
2. Right of residence
3. Recognition / Transfer
4. Portability of grants
5. Funding
07/2006
17
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes
Right of Residence
EU Law
EU Citizens
Non-EU Citizens
Guiding principle of common
freedom of movement (laid down
in EU Treaty of 2002)
Schengen Visa (2004)
So called „Student Guideline“ of
2004 (min. 10 hours per week of
students)
Free movement of workers,
freedom of establishment and
services
Non-EU Citizens
Act governing the residence,
gainful employment and
integration of foreigners (2004)
eg. 90 full or 180 half days for
students
EU Citizens
Act governing general freedom
of movement for EU Citizens
(2005)
German Law
07/2006
18
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes
Recognition of Degrees
tools/ instruments
ECTS:
European Credit Transfer
System
Diploma supplement
ENIC: European Network
of Information Centres
NARIC: National
Academic Recognition
Information Centres
ZaB: Central Office for
Foreign Education
EQF: European
Qualifications Framework
Bilateral Equivalence
Agreements
Lisbon Recognition
Convention
context
 systematic way of describing an educational programme by attaching credits to its
components (based on student workload, which is required to achieve the objectives of a
programme)
 provides standardised description of the nature, level, context, content and status of
completed education (attached to higher education diploma)
 network of the national information centres set up by national authorities
 goal: implement the Lisbon Recognition Convention
 provides information about recognition of foreign diplomas, education systems and
opportunities for studying abroad
 NARIC aims to improve academic recognition of diplomas and periods of study in the
Members States of the EU, EEA countries and associated countries
 goes back to an initiative of the European Commission in 1984
 German official agency for evaluation and recognition of foreign educational qualifications
 provides advisory and information services
 tool for creating transparency, comparability and translatability of aquired qualifications
(vocational and educational training)
 describes qualifications by taking into consideration knowledge, abilities and soft skills
 the Federal Republic of Germany has bilateral equivalence agreements with 13 states
 three bilateral agreements were signed by the Standing Conference of Ministers of
Education and Cultural Affairs: Australia, Palestine and Russia
 Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the
European Region
 jointly drafted by the Council of Europe and UNESCO
 designed to streamline the legal framework at European level
07/2006
19
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes
Portability of Grants and loans
• Portability of grants for part of study programme:
18 countries
• Portability of grants for complete study programme:
14 countries
• Portability of loans:
12 countries
Prerequisites for the portability of BAföG in Germany:
- a study period of one year in Germany before continuing in one of the EUmember-states OR
- studies abroad are part of a study-programme by a German and a foreign
university with mutual recognition OR
- studies abroad fit sensibly into educational background, will be beneficial
and can at least be partly recognised within Germany.
Results of an inventory by the Center for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) in August 2004 in 20 EU Member
states plus Norway
07/2006
20
II.
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
A new record: 144.000 Mobile ERASMUS Students in 2004/2005
outgoings
incomings
22.427
17.272
outgoings
incomings
20.819
25.511
outgoings
incomings
21.561
20.519
outgoings
incomings
16.440
13.370
outgoings
incomings
8.390
2.332
outgoings
incomings
7.214
16.264
EU-ERASMUS Länder
Andere ERASMUS Länder: Bulgarien, Island,
Liechtenstein, Norwegen, Rumänien und Türkei
07/2006
21
II.
International Mobility in Germany and Europe
ERASMUS Mobility: Top Subjects
Sciences
4%
Social
Science
11%
Art & Design
4%
Others
18%
Medicine
5%
Duration of Stay:
approx. 7 month
Law
7%
Humanities
19%
Economics
21%
Grant:
approx. 110 Euro
per month
Engineering
11%
07/2006
22
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes
New EU Lifelong Learning Programme (2007 - 2013)
Lifelong Learning Programme
Budget: 6,97 Billion EUR
min. 40 %
min. 25%
min. 13 %
min. 4%
ERASMUS
Higher
Education
and
professional
education
LEONARDO
DA VINCI
Vocational
Training
ab 2009
COMENIUS
School
Education
3,1 Billion
GRUNDTVIG
Erasmus
MUNDUS
Adult
Education
Jean Monnet
(Higher Education: European Studies Chairs World-Wide)
07/2006
23
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes
The New ERASMUS Programme (2007 – 2013) – Budget
Total ERASMUS budget (all actions) :
∎ 3,1 Billion EUR for 7 years
∎ Average ERASMUS budget p.a.: 443 Mio EUR
(increase of 75% compared to 2006: 253 Mio EUR)
∎ 95% of the ERASMUS budget (424 Mio EUR) will
be decentralised and administered by National
Agencies (such as DAAD)
∎ Average decentralised ERASMUS budget for
Germany: 50 Mio EUR p.a. for all decentralised
actions; 2006: 35 Mio. EUR
07/2006
24
III. International Mobility: New EU Programmes
Number of Mobile ERASMUS-Students 2007 - 2013
Aim: 3 mio ERASMUS-Students by 2012 accumulated
 from 2005 onwards
150.000 ERASMUS Students
 until 2013 onwards
300.000 ERASMUS Students
approx. 8% increase p. a.
For Germany 2013: ~ 35.000 outgoing
~ 30.000 incoming
07/2006
25
III. International Mobility: New EU-Programmes
EU-Programmes for Higher Education worldwide
Europe
North America
EU-USA (ATLANTIS): € 4 Mio.
EU-Canada: € 0,73 Mio.
• ERASMUS: € 252,7 Mio.
•
•
•
•
LEONARDO: € 31,3 Mio.
TEMPUS C: € 38,42 Mio.
TEMPUS T: € 50,09 Mio.
ERASMUS Mundus: € 68 Mio.
Mediterranean
Asia
• Asia Link: € 17 Mio.
• Asia Pro-Eco: € 5 Mio.
• Asia Pro-Eco Post
Tsunami: € 15 Mio.
• Vulcanus (Japan):
TEMPUS-MEDA: € 34,72 Mio.
Latin America
ALFA: € 10,4 Mio.
ALßAN: € 11,06 Mio.
€1,05 Mio.
Africa-Caribbean-Pacific Region
EDULINK: planned € 5 Mio.
Budget p. a. for Higher Education: € 544,5 Mio.
07/2006
26
V.
The impact of Bologna
Trends and Challenges
1. More institutional responsibility for mobility
programmes
2. More „sophistication“ in mobility programmes
- Mobility in University Networks
- Double Degrees
07/2006
27
V.
The Impact of Bologna:
Trends and Challenges
3. More internationality of teaching staff
(teacher exchange, language courses for
German teachers)
4. More internationality of administrative staff
(training for International Officers, new
mobility action for non-teaching staff in
ERASMUS)
5. More internationality in student services
(information, language preparation,
accommodation, monitoring, academic
recognition etc.)
07/2006
28
V. The Impact of Bologna:
Trends and Challenges
6. Tution fees: obstacle to mobility
7. Internal organization („AAA“), Staffing and funding
07/2006
29
07/2006
30