PPS Seminar 2005 Mobile Communications

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Grubinger

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 1

For Your Information



Web Page:

• http://www.ifh.ee.ethz.ch/~fieldcom/pps-mobilecomm/mobilfunk.html



Assistants:

• Damir Pasalic (ETZ G97) 

E-mail: [email protected]

• Hannes Grubinger (ETZ G95) 

E-mail: [email protected]

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 2

Overview

 Motivation and Goal  Cellular Technology: Standards, History, Future Outlook  GSM-R, TETRA: Professional Applications  US Market: AMPS, IS-95, PCS1900, TACS,...

 Satellite Communication: Inmarsat, Iridium, Globalstar, ICO,...

 Business & Economics: Global Player, Swiss Market, Strategies  Developing Countries: Mobile Communications  Organizational Details Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 3

Motivation and Goal



Mobile Communications (MC) is a future key technology

• Understand the basic technologies behind MC • • • Learn how business and technology work together See the “Big Picture” and evaluate demand for global MC Assess technological impacts on society, politics, economics 

Seminar approach

• • Become skilled at doing a literature and information search Train your abilities to cope with a complex topic • • Learn how to efficiently prepare a well-structured report Enhance your presentation techniques Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 4

History (pre-cell era)

 First mobile radio link established by Marconi in late 1800’s  First mobile radiotelephone service on land was set up by Detroit Police Department in early 1920s (2 MHz)  Commercial service started in 1946 in US and early 1950s in Europe  Conventional Mobile Systems (CMS) were operating in 30-40, 150, and 450 MHz  public safety services (e.g. police, ambulance, fire brigade)   transport organizations (e.g. taxi) service networks for utilities (gas, water, electrical production)  By 1963 number of users exceeded 1.3 million (12 channels) Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 5

History: Cellular System

MSC BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS MSC BS BS PSTN BS MSC BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 6

History: First Generation (1G)



Introduction of analog cellular systems in the late 1970s and 1980s

System

MCS-L2 NMT 450 NMT 900 AMPS NAMPS TACS ETACS JTACS NTACS C450 RadioCom

Year of Introduction

1988 (1979) 1981 1986 1983 1991 1985 1988 1989 1991 1985 1985

Region

Japan Scandinavia Scandinavia North America North America United Kingdom United Kingdom Japan Japan Germany France Access Mode/ Modulation FDMA/PM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM FDMA/FM

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 7

History: 1G Frequency Bands

820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 MCS Downlink 885 925 Uplink NMT 900 Uplink Downlink 915 935 AMPS/ NAMPS Uplink Downlink 894 824 849 869 TACS JTACS/ NTACS Uplink 905 Downlink 935 Uplink Downlink 885

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger

925 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 MHz

8

Second Generation (2G): Introduction



Annual growth rate in 1G systems 30 to 50%



20 million subscribers by 1990



Need to improve:

 transmission quality  system capacity  coverage  fraud prevention and privacy Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 9

Second Generation (2G): Major Systems

2G cellular systems include:

 The European

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

, introduced in 1992  The

North American Digital AMPS (D-AMPS)

, introduced in 1994   IS-54: FDMA/TDMA access mode IS-95: CDMA access mode  The

Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC)

system, introduced in 1992  The North American

Personal Communication System

1900 MHz (PCS 1900) operating at Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 10

Second Generation (2G): GSM

 Created in

1992

as a capable of supporting

pan-European network many millions

of subscribers  Operates

992 channels

in

FDMA/TDMA

access mode 

Frequency bands:

 GSM900: 880-915 MHz paired with 925-960 MHz  GSM1800: 1710-1785 MHz paired with 1805-1880 MHz  GSM1900: 1850-1910 MHz paired with 1930-1990 MHz 

GSM

is the

leading wireless standard

in the world covering (2003):   72% of the world’s digital market 60% of the world’s wireless market Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 11

Worldwide GSM Networks in Service

GSM used in 159 countries Countries with GSM service Countries without GSM service Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 12

Terrestrial Communications: TETRA



Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)

 Standard for

professional

mobile communications     Established in 1995 by ETSI and 21 European countries Suitable for use in

GSM-R “rough”

communications environments Designed for security services, emergency units, industry,...

is a GSM clone built for railways with TETRA features 

TETRA features

 Secure

encryption

, reliable, fast and guaranteed service quality     High data rates, packet data optimization, high frequency re-use Group calls, paging, push-to-talk,handsets as repeater stations GSM intra-operability and functionality (e.g. call wait/hold, etc.) Priority, authorization, area selection, monitoring, responsibility Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 13

Terrestrial Communications: TETRA



Typical TETRA applications

 Public transportation: Update schedule, client, tariff information      Traffic: Control sets of lights, parking and detour routing Police, emergency units: Walkie-talkie mode (TETRAPOL) Trucking: Navigation data, fleet management, scheduling Advertisement: Transmit data to e-boards Railways: Positioning, onboard communication and phone services TETRAPOL Car Unit TETRA Walkie-Talkie Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger TETRA Navigation Controller 14

Satellite Communications: Overview



Satellite systems existing or planned in 2003:

Name Inmarsat Iridium Globalstar ICO Teledesic288 Odyssey Satellites Orbit 4+5 66 48 12 LEO 12 GEO Altitude 35’786 km Year 1982 Company Inmarsat Ltd.

LEO LEO 765 km 1’389 km 1998 1998 Boeing et. al.

Major Telecoms MEO 10’390 km 2003? New ICO Ltd.

1’400 km MEO 2005? ICO Teledesic 10’354 km Project is stopped!

 At the present time, the ONLY reliably operating satellite mobile communications service is the 20 year old Inmarsat system!

 Nowadays the satellite business is dominated by takeovers, flops, bankruptcy filings, alliances, mergers, technical disasters, etc.

(e.g. Inmarsat founds ICO, then New ICO, now owned by Teledesic) Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 15

Satellite Communication I: Inmarsat

 Established in 1979 to initially serve the

maritime industry

 Works

anywhere in the world

with the exception of the poles  In 2001:

150’000 end-user terminals

throughout the world   Inmarsat-A: Analog system, up to 9.6 kbit/s (2 suitcases, 50 kg) Inmarsat-B: Digital successor, up to 64 kbit/s (laptop-sized, 3 kg)  Equipment:

1.5...1.6 GHz, 40 cm dish, 2...20 W

Inmarsat-A System Inmarsat-A Maritime Antenna Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger Inmarsat-B System 16

Satellite Communication I: Inmarsat



Standard services include

  Direct-dial telephony, fax, telex, messaging E-mail, data, quality audio, compressed video, slow-scan TV 

Additional Inmarsat C...I services include

  Group messaging/calling (similar to TETRA feature) Aircraft satellite communication telephony   Encryption devices for secure transmission Position reporting  Charges:

U$ 3...20.-/minute

(depending on service and provider)  Equipment cost: Starting from

U$ 2’500.-

(simple terminal) Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 17

Satellite Communication II: IRIDIUM

  Established in 1998 and initially designed and owned by Motorola Works

anywhere in the world

using 66 satellites in LEO (which allows to have specifically small signal delays)  Services include  Voice, fax, messaging, e-mail, internet, data (approx. 10 kbit/s)  Charges:

U$ 3...5.-/minute

(depending on service and provider)  Mobile handset:

1.6 GHz, integrated antenna, 1 2 W, U$ 3’000. IRIDIUM Handsets IRIDIUM Pager

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger

IRIDIUM Satellite

18

Satellite Communication II: IRIDIUM



The “not-so-good” news...

     3’000 subscribers worldwide (1999) Total revenue of U$ 600’000.- (1999) Marketing cost: U$ 200’000’000. Operating cost of U$ 400’000’000.- (annually!) Prediction for 2002: 5’000’000 end-users...

 After financial bankruptcy and a

loss of U$ 5.5 billion,

Motorola decided to shut down Iridium in March 2000 and planned to crash and burn up the satellites in the earth’s atmosphere!

 Iridium LLC (Boeing) bought the whole system for U$ 25 million    New sales/marketing strategies, different targeted user profile Less expensive call charges, improved system performance Better GSM/UMTS connectivity, cheaper and lightweight phones Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 19

Third Generation (3G): Introduction

 Cellular and satellite networks provide

greater freedom

communications among people in the  New

“information age”

economy with different life-styles and world  The next goal is development of

truly global system

communication “to everyone, everywhere” providing  Part of the solution of the communication problem in the

developing world

 Wide range of radio environments have to be integrated Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 20

Third Generation: Environments Integration

Global Suburban & rural Urban In-building Pico-Cell Satellite Macro-Cell Micro-Cell

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger

Pico-Cell

21

Third Generation (3G) Standards



International Mobile Telecommunication System (IMT-2000)



Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)



Basic Properties of a 3G System:

 Used worldwide   Used for all mobile applications Offer high data rates up to 2 Mbps (depending on mobility/velocity)  Offer high spectrum efficiency Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 22

Third Generation: Spectrum Availability

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 ITU “IMT-2000” 1885 MHz IMT 2000 2010 MHz MSS 2025 MHz IMT 2000 MSS 2110 MHz 2170 MHz Europe Japan USA GSM 1800 DECT 1880 MHz 1919.6 MHz UMTS MSS 1980 MHz PHS IMT 2000 1893.5 MHz MSS PCS MSS UMTS MSS 2170 MHz IMT 2000 MSS Reserved 2160 MHz MSS 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 23

Global Players

 Change from

national analog networks

is driven by: to

global digital communication

 digitalization   computerization deregulation 

Increased competition



New operators

networks to operators starting from

“green field”

situation use wireless

bypass the networks

established by national Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 24

“Major” Players: Europe

 Vodafone (UK)  T-Mobile / Deutsche Telekom (Germany)  TIM / Telecom Italia (Italy)  Telefonica (Spain)  France Telecom / Orange (France)  Swisscom Mobile / Swisscom Group (Switzerland) Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 25

“Local” Players: Switzerland

1 0.5

0 -0.5

4 3.5

3 2.5

2 1.5

3.4

4 1.9

0.93

0.89

0.01

Subscribers [Million] Revenues [Billion CHF] EBITDA [Billion CHF] (data refers to mobile business units only, data as of end 2002)

0.94

0.75

-0.02

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 26

Major Cellular Providers in North America

 Verizon Wireless (US)  joint venture of Verizon Comm. and Vodafone  Cingular (US) • recently bought AT&T Wireless  Sprint PCS (US)  T-Mobile, formerly Voicestream (US)  Rogers Wireless  previously Rogers AT&T QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

 Microcell Telecom (Canada) Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 27

Global Players: North America

30 25 20 Subscribers [Million] Revenues [Billion $US] (data refers to mobile business units only, data as of mid 2002) 15 10 5 0 Verizon Wireless AT&T Wireless Sprint PCS Rogers / AT&T

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger

Microcell Telecom

28

Business & Economics: General



How much does it cost to...

     purchase licenses for parts of the future mobile spectrum plan and build a mobile telecommunications system keep the system up and running (maintenance, administration, etc.) introduce new technologies (GPRS, EDGE, HSCSD, etc.) acquire new subscribers 

Which services can be introduced to...

  generate additional revenues pay off debts from UMTS auctions and system installation 

What are the key facts and figures of the...

   Swiss/German/French/US cellular phone market global players involved in mobile communications deregulation, liberalization and monopolization issues and strategies Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 29

Communication Sys in Developing Countries



Picture these facts:

 4/5 of the world’s population

does not have

the most basic access to phone services and 1/2 of it has

never

used a phone  The greater majority of all countries in the world

do not have

a publicly available, reliable and cheap phone system operating 

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) goal in 1995:

 “By the end of the year 2001, each citizen worldwide should have direct access to telephone services”  “Wireless phone networks represent a cheap alternative to wire line plain old telephone systems (POTS)” 

Can satellite and terrestrial wireless systems meet these expectations in the future?

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 30

Organizational Details I



Group of 2...3 students will work on one project

 Choose a project from the existing list or define a suitable topic related to Mobile Communications on your own  Make your decision by April 19   Final projects will be communicated via e-mail to students Each group must prepare an initial proposal (1 page) and give a short presentation (5-10 minutes) on April 26 

Groups work independently on their project and contact Damir or Hannes as needed



Meetings will be arranged upon request on Tuesdays



Check the web page regularly!



www.ifh.ee.ethz.ch/~fieldcom/pps-mobilecomm/mobilfunk.html

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 31

Organizational Details II



Each group prepares a written report (10-15 pages) and final presentation (20 minutes) in English



Drafts are to be handed in prior to the final presentation

 Presentation/report/draft/progress due dates will be announced individually via e-mail and web page 

Marking:

 Proposal presentation: 15%   Final presentation: 35% Written report: 50%  

Each student should comment on the presentation of others Field trip(s) and lecturer visit(s) will be organized

Damir Pasalic & Hannes Gurbinger 32