Transcript emis.vito.be

Inquiry of implementation and
experiences with EN 14181 in Belgium
Raf De Fré, Ive Vanderreydt - VITO, Mol
François Idczak - ISSeP, Liège
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Objectives
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•
•
•
Obtain overview of implementation in concerned sectors
Stimulate awareness of EN 14181 among potential users
Prepare further implementation by different actors
Collect remarks & integrate in Belgian implementation
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Organization of Inquiry
•
•
•
•
•
•
Addresses obtained from authorities
Contact by phone responsible person
Inquiry forms sent by (e-)mail
Short introduction to EN 14181 in annex
Reminder by phone and mail
Collect and close after 1 month
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Respondents
• those who did respond:
Plants
Lines
Municipal waste incinerators
14
30
Toxic waste incinerators
7
10
Electric power plants
13
32
Power plants industry
4
10
Petrochemical - Chemical
10
22
Food (sugar, brewery)
3
3
Cement
2
6
53
113
Total
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Those who did not respond
• Sectors
–
–
–
–
Municipal waste incinerators (2)
Refineries (2), Chemical industry (5)
Metallurgy (4), Sugar (3), Paper (2)
Food (2)
• Some plants have no CEMs
– not under directives (e.g. sugar < 100 d/y), non-compliant or in
discussion
• Plants not under WI or LCP directives
– some will not use EN 14181 for CEMs
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Belgian Environmental law
• Regions have authority over environment
– Flanders, Brussels, Wallonia
– EN 14181 not explicitly mentioned in regulations
• Legislation different in each region but EU Directives
must be implemented
• CEMs: Flanders has legal obligation for approval of
CEMs by expert
–
"Code of Good Practice" since 1997
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Which standards CEM operators know (%)
60
50
40
known
no reply
30
no answer
unknown
20
10
0
ISO 7935
ISO 12039
EN 14956 ISO 10849
VDI 3950
EN 14181
other
• others mentioned: EN13284-2, Code of good practice (Fl)
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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How well - wherefrom do you know EN 14181 ?
7%
22%
41%
not at all
from internal source
from external source
own experience
30%
• % of 52 positive respondents
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Need for a technical guidance for EN 14181 ?
recommended for
plant operators
10%
recommended for
labs
35%
useful for plant
operators
36%
useful for labs
19%
• % of 78 positive answers
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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How many CEMS has your plant ?
140
115
120
100
80
72
CEMS
Plants
60
44
42
40
20
44
42
37
28
19
16
17
13
17
8
0
flow
dust
gases
TOC
HCl
other
no
CEMs
no
reply
• (3 answers for multiple sites = up to 7 plants more)
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Was there any QA/QC on CEMS in 2005 ?
34
AST
17
39
QAL3
12
11
13
yes
no
13
QAL2
38
10
QAL1
0%
12
41
20%
40%
no answer
12
60%
80%
100%
(3 answers for multiple sites = up to 7 plants more)
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Which QAL1 tests were done on CEMS ?
suitability
21%
other
28%
ISO 14956
4%
no idea
2%
none
45%
• other = supplier (7), ISO 9000 (2), own QA system (1)
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Frequency of calibration (QAL2) on CEMS ?
not
periodically
28%
after delivery
19%
yearly
10%
other freq
6%
5 years
1%
3 years
36%
• other frequencies: 6 months (2), not specified, …”depends” (2)
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Frequency of surveillance test (AST) on CEMS ?
other
10%
yearly
51%
none
29%
monthly
5%
every 3 months
5%
• other = 6 m, 2 y, with QAL1 (2), not specified (2)
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Frequency of QAL3 on CEMS ?
• Cusum charts: 0
• Shewart charts: 0
• Other control charts: 3
• Zero & span checks:
other =
• 3 h (1), 12 h (2)
• automatic (8)
• 6 months (1)
30
25
20
zero
15
span
10
5
0
daily
weekly
monthly
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
yearly
other
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Who did perform quality control on CEMs ?
40
35
30
25
owner
20
external lab
15
supplier
10
• 50 positive answers
5
• no other parties
0
QAL1
QAL2
QAL3
AST
(3 answers for multiple sites = up to 7 plants more)
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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What do you expect from EN 14181 ?
40
35
33
30
30
27
more
equal
20
less
no opinion
10
4
1 1
5
2
1
6
6
1
7
4
0
0
Costs
Administration Legal Security
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
Quality
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General remarks on standard
• Increasing effort for measurement is disproportionate to lower
emission levels and reduced environmental impact of waste
incineration sector
• Standard made by emission monitoring labs
• Frequent interventions on CEMs reduce availability
– Double CEMs installed to meet WID 97% availability requirement
• Alternatives for CEMs preferred where allowed
- e.g. monthly measurements, EN 14181 makes CEMs less attractive
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Remarks concerning legal aspects
• Our plant is not in scope of WI or LCP Directives and will therefore
not apply EN 14181
– Process industries with legal obligation of CEM
• Existing quality system for CEMs is adequate / equivalent to
EN 14181
– (ISO 9000 & other TS)
• EN 14181 is not specified in national legislation
• Measurement frequencies are imposed by law, not by standards or
codes of good practice
– (therefore no AST by external lab)
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Remarks concerning QAL 1
• No QAL 1 obtainable for older instruments
– transition period needed to complete economic life
– who does calculate AMS uncertainty ?
• Choice of range of instruments ?
– continuous low levels, but range must be 3 x ELV
– special case CO : still higher range to measure highest peaks ?
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Remarks on QAL 2 Calibration
• No added value in parallel measurements over 3 days in case of
extremely low or constant levels
 reduce to 1 day, specially manual methods : dust, HCl, HF, H2O, TOC
• Quality of reference measurements by external labs ?
– corrections proposed sometimes questionable
– measurement uncertainty of labs not taken into consideration
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Remarks on QAL 3 and AST
• Intervention from external labs is required for AST should not be imposed
• Concept of control charts not known by operators equivalent systems should be allowed
• Instruments with internal verification of zero and span
need no calibration gases
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Some other remarks
• Standard EN 14181 too complex for people in the field
• Rigorous application of standard is relatively expensive
• Interpretation of results from standard application is
always difficult
• No understanding of statistic principles
– meaning of Chi square based test for decision pass/fail ?
– operators not familiar with Cusum or Shewart control charts
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Remarks from Inquiry – small plants
• Small operators need cost effective solutions in relation
to size of plant
–
EN 14181 "light" version ?
• Economic viability of small plants at risk by EN 14181
monitoring cost
– Bio-mass and wood combustion not economic if classified under WID
– A chemical plant considers closing chlorinated waste incinerator if excessive
CEM cost
– Small chemical incinerator will try to obtain CEM derogations
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Conclusions
• Knowledge of EN 14181 is very limited
- for many this was the first contact with standard
- thorough knowledge of standard by very few
• Inquiry showed need of increased involvement by
industry (scepticism)
• Power generation and Municipal waste incineration
sectors best prepared for implementation of standard
• Small plants more sensitive to cost increase
• Refineries and petrochemical sector are slower in
adaptation to standard
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Implementation in Belgium
•
Smaller countries/regions have limited means
– rely on models & experience from larger countries (UK, D, NL,
TGN…)
•
Flanders: transition from existing Code (2001)
– 2006 : Working group 5 parties, prepare transit
– 2007 : Implementation of EN 14181 in Code
– need to continue on 2 tracks (WI-LCP & others ?)
•
Wallonia – Brussels : (cold start EN 14181 in ….??).
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Field Tests
•
2 examples of field tests:
1. LCP
•
6 days parallel measurements
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NOx, CO, SO2 : ½ hour measurements
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dust : 1 measurement per day (stack diameter = 3m)
2. Sulfuric acid plant
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•
25 parallel ½ hour measurements
SO2
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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LCP
Plot SRM/AMS for NOx
250
y = 0,95x - 0,86
Calibration function
ymax- ymin
15 % ELV
slope (b)
intercept (a)
Calibration function
Calibration range
200
61.6 mg/m3
45 mg/m3
0,9528
-0,8569
-0.8569 + 0.9528 x
(0 - 225.4) mg/m3
R2 = 0,59
SRM (mg/m³)
150
100
Variability test
Standard deviation
Uncertainty
kv
Test
50
6,82
30,61
0,9893
Pass
0
0
50
Data
100
Calibration function
150
200
Uncertainty
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
250
AMS (mg/m³)
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LCP
Plot SRM/AMS for CO
400
y = 1,04x + 3,71
R 2 = 0,71
Calibration function
350
ymax- ymin
15 % ELV
slope (b)
intercept (a)
Calibration function
Calibration range
300
400.1 mg/m3
45 mg/m3
1,0353
3,7065
3.7065 + 1.0353 x
(0 - 367.6) mg/m3
SRM (mg/m³)
250
200
150
Variability test
Standard deviation
Uncertainty
kv
Test
100
52,98
30,61
0,9905
Fail
50
0
0
50
100
Data
150
Calibration function
200
250
Uncertainty
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
300
350
400
AMS (mg/m³)
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LCP
Plot SRM/AMS for SO2
300
Calibration function
ymax- ymin
15 % ELV
slope (b)
intercept (a)
Calibration function
Calibration range
250
212.4 mg/m3
75 mg/m3
20,4324
5,0656
5.0656 + 20.4324 x
(0 - 264) mg/m3
y = 20,4x + 5,1
2
R = 0,98
SRM (mg/m³)
200
150
100
Variability test
Standard deviation
Uncertainty
kv
Test
50
5,62
51,02
0,9942
Pass
0
0
2
Data
4
6
8
Calibration function
10
12
Uncertainty
14
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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18
20
AMS (mg/m³)
30
LCP
Dust : calibration function determination
SRM (mg/m³)
25
20
y = 1,61x - 11,1
R2 = 0,16
15
10
Calibration function
ys,max- ys,min
15 % ELV
slope (b)
intercept (a)
Calibration function
Calibration range
5
8.07 mg/m3
4.5 mg/m3
1,6138
-11,0867
-11.0867 + 1.6138 x
(0 - 27.1) mg/m3
0
5
7
Data
9
11
13
Calibration function
15
17
Linear (Data)
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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AMS (mA)
31
LCP
Dust : uncertainty interval
35
30
SRM (mg/Nm³)
25
20
15
Variability test
10
Standard deviation
Uncertainty
kv
Test
5
2,92
4,59
0,9351
Pass
0
0
5
Data
10
15
Trend line
20
Uncertainty
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
25
30
35
AMS (mg/Nm³)
32
Sulfuric acid plant with extractive SO2 analyser
(approval according to Flemish code )
SO2
400
y = 1,04x
2
R =1
350
SRM (ppm)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
100
200
300
400
AMS (ppm)
Measurements
Calibration function
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
y=x
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Sulfuric acid plant with extractive analyser
•
•
Approval according to Flemish Code : calibration function + 4% = “pass”
EN 14181 calibration : reduced selection of data results in same conclusions :
Selection measurements
#
•
•
•
Slope
sD
σ0kv
max
min
max - min
(mg/Nm³)
(mg/Nm³)
(mg/Nm³)
(mg/Nm³)
(mg/Nm³)
all
25
1,040
2,07
171,1
1042
849
193
sel 1
sel 2
sel 3
sel 4
sel 5
5
5
5
5
5
1,036
1,036
1,041
1,047
1,047
1,82
1,13
1,33
1,31
3,77
159,5
159,5
159,5
159,5
159,5
970
972
974
935
1042
938
883
869
849
860
32
89
105
87
182
More measurements give limited extension of validated range, but not to ELV (1700)
Little added value in continued measurements over 3 days
Adequate QAL3 : gas cell - daily, cal. gases (3) - weekly, fixed limits control chart….
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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Field Tests Conclusions
• Difficulties to obtain experimental values covering a large
range of concentration even with many samples
(impossible to oblige the plant to pollute more … or less)
• Limitation of EN 14181 to the control of the analysis
chain (treatment of data)
• Existing quality control system for CEMs before EN
14181 standard can be adequate
CEN workshop EN 14181, 22-23 May 2006, Paris
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