Transcript Phonology

Phonology: The Context
Foundation Skills
Cognition
Play
Socialization
Pragmatics
Phonology
Semantics
Semantics
Metalinguistics
Phonology

Definition: study of the Suprasegmental
and Segmental aspects of Language

Suprasegmental: melody of the language




intonation, rhythm, stress, inflection, rate, pitch
paralinguistic
Segments: Sounds of the language, vowels
and consonants
Concepts



1. Sequence Related to Semantics/Syntax
2. Sequence of Acquisition for Syllables,
Vowels and Consonants
3. Recording
Developmental Progression

Pre-First Word







Babbling
Echolalia
Vocalic or Phonetically Consistent Forms
Holophrases
Telegraphic
Phrases
Sentences



Simple
Compound
Complex
Phonology

#2 Concepts
 Receptive/Expressive



Children comprehend the melodic aspects before the
individual sounds
Phonemic/Paralinguistic awareness before production
Syllables

initial syllable shape: CVCV, CV
Suprasegmental Development



Term refers to PROSODIC FEATURES
Term includes:intonation, rhythm,
stress,
Develops before the first word


In echolalia: child ‘sounds’ like the utterance is
“adult-like.” That’s the suprasegmental patterns of
English
Hearing Impaired Children do not
exhibit this ability
Vowel Acquisition

Nucleus of the syllable

Vowels develop first





front-back /i,a/
triangle /i,u,a/
quadrangle /i,u,a, ae/
dipthongs
By age 3, all vowels
Phonology

Consonants


Explanation: associated with feeding and
visibility
Class Development by Manner:



Class Development by Place




plosives, nasals, glides /w/
first fricative: /h/
usually frontal sounds /p/b/m/
as well as alveolar sounds /t,d,n,l/
other sounds: /k/, /g/. /?/
by Voicing: presence/absence of laryngeal tone
Consonant Blends

Clusters’ (blends) syllable shape: ccv,cccv,
 in speech:vcc (plurals), vccc (ants)

Cluster (Blend) combinations are: /l/, /r/, /s/

Phonological Process:





Epenthesis (adding a vowel)
Cluster reduction
Cluster deletion
In reading blends are called Diagraphs
Consonant Acquisition

Developmental Mastery

Age of Development or Age of Acquisition
or Age of Customary Production



An age-range for sound acquisition
Sander, Prathers
Age of Mastery


Templin, Wellman, Poole
regardless of Linguist, by the Age 8
Age
3
4
Sound
/p/
/m/
/b/
/n/
/w/
/h/
/k/, /g/
/d/,
/f/, /v/
Age of
Development
Age of
Mastery
RANGE
Mastered
<2-3
<2-3
<2-3
<2-3
<2-3
<2-3
2-4
2-4
2-4
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
Sound Frequency of Occurrence











Vowels
1. Unstressed schwa
2. /I/
3. /i
4. /E/
5. /ai/
6. /ae/ asp
7. /ou/
8. /e/
9/ a/
10. ought











Consonants
1. /n/
2. /r/
3. /t/
4. /m/
5. /s/
6. /d/
7/ /w/
8. /l/
9. /k/
10. /z/
Phonology

Recording Options




1. Transcription: Phonemic (Broad //)
Phonetic (Narrow
)
2. Distinctive Features of Place, Manner,
Voicing
3. Phonological Processes used for either
describing normally developing or
delayed sound development.
Distinctive Feature Terms



Place:
 Front: /p/,/b/,/m/, /f/, /v/, /0/,
 Mid: /t/, /d/, /l/, /n/ /s/,/z/, sh
 Back: /k/, /g/, ng
 Glottal: /h/
Manner
 Plosives
 Fricatives
 Affricates
 Nasals
 Approximants
 Liquids
 Glides
Voicing
Phonological Processes


Linguists: Hodson, Ingram, Weiner,
Blache, others,
Processes:
Suppression of Phonological
Processes








Disappearing by Age 3
Unstressed Syllable
Deletion
Final Consonant
Deletion
Assimilation
Reduplication
Fronting
Prevocalic voicing (b/p)
Diminutization







Persisting After Age 3
Cluster Reduction
Epenthesis b li/blid
Gliding
Stopping
Depalatalization
Final Voicing
Emergent Literacy Skills

1. Physical

2. Cognitive-Linguistic



Answering Questions
Retelling stories
3. Metalinguistic: Phonemic Awareness
Related to PHONOLOGY
Phonology-Emergent Literacy Connection
 The recognition of the sound-symbol
relationship is critical to early success in
reading

Recognition begins at the sentence level
with segmentation and proceeds
to the wordsyllable
sound levels
End of Phonology Notes
light
turning
rocket
/S/
/b/