Transcript Clean Development Mechanism Project Universiti Putra

PALM BIOMASS UTILISATION
IN MALAYSIA
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOPLASTICS
Mohamad Ali Hassan
University Putra Malaysia
Yoshihito Shirai
Kyushu Institute of Technology
Presentation Outline
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Biomass Resources in Malaysia
Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
UPM-KIT-FELDA Biogas & Biomass Project
Palm Biomass Plastics
Novel Business
Biomass Resources in Malaysia
• Biomass
– organic matter available on a
renewable basis
– includes forest and mill residues,
wood wastes, agricultural crops and
wastes, animal wastes and MSW
MSW
9.5%
Wood
industry
3.7%
Rice 0.7%
Sugarcane
0.5%
• Abundant in Malaysia
> 70 million tonnes collected / year
• Produced throughout the year
– high sunlight intensity/time
and high rainfall
• Main contributor of biomass is the
palm oil industry (ligno-cellulosics)
Palm Oil
85.5%
Problems Associated with Biomass
• Increasing demand for food leads to increased biomass/waste
generation
– problem with waste treatment and disposal
• Open dumps/landfill and wastewater treatment facility
– uncontrolled release of greenhouse gases/global warming
– groundwater and river contamination from leachate
• Indiscriminate dumping
– environmental pollution
• Burning of biomass
– emission of smoke & haze hazard
– emission of toxic chemicals such as dioxins
• No special incentives or provisions to utilize these residues
• Biomass business not economically feasible & long payback periods
Palm Oil Industry
and Malaysian Socio Economy
• Introduced in 1911 from West
Africa
• Commercial planting in 1917
• No. 1 commodity in 1970
• USD 6 billion export in 2003
• More than 500 000 people
employed directly and indirectly
• Poverty alleviation
- Land ownership scheme & stable
income
- FELDA
• Sustainable Development
– 3P: Profit, People and Planet
Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
Fresh Fruit Bunch
70 million tonnes
Palm Kernel Oil
2 million tonnes
Oil Extraction
Crude Palm Oil
15 million tonnes
Renewable Resources
Fiber
9 million tonnes
Shell
4 million tonnes
Empty Fruit Bunches
15 million tonnes
Palm Oil Mill Effluent
50 million tonnes
Palm Oil Industry and CDM
• Methane sinks
–
–
–
–
Employs anaerobic treatment for palm oil mill effluent
Extensive and efficient system
The largest methane emission
Not yet commercialized, WHY?
Potential Power Generation from Oil Palm
Residues at Palm Oil Mills in Malaysia
Type of
Industry
Production
(Million Tonne)
Residue
Residue
product
Ratio
(%)
Residue
Generated
(Million
Tonne)
Potential
Energy
PJ
Potential
Electricity
Generation
( MW)
Oil palm
59.8
EFB at
65%MC*
21.14
12.641
57
520
Fiber
12.72
7.607
108
1032
Shell
5.67
3.390
55
545
Total Solid
16.670
220
2098
POME (3.5m3/CPO or 65% of FFB)
38.870
Ref – Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2002, 22nd Edition, MPOB
Data is for the year 2002
320
New Business Potential of Palm Biomass
Concentration of biomass
“business as usual”
Empty Fruit Bunch
> 15 million t/yr
Palm Oil Mill Effluent
> 50 million t/yr
Bioplastic (PLA)
or Bioethanol
Saccharification of
cellulose
Organic acids
Sugars
Lactic Acid or
Cellulosic Bioethanol
fermentation
Electricity
Biogas / Methane Plant
Bioplastic
(PHA)
Biopolymers open up new options
for an old problem -- disposal
Wow!
Plastic lasts
FOREVER
1950’s
AGHH!
Plastic lasts
FOREVER
Today
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Carbon
source
Extraction
Fermentation
PHA in cell wall
Polyesters accumulated inside microbial cells
as carbon & energy storage
Bacteria
Produced from natural, renewable resources
Able to be recycled, composted or burned
without producing toxic byproducts
100 % biodegradable
Produced under conditions of:
low limiting nutrients (e.g. N, S, P) and excess carbon
PHA Structure
PHA
PHB
PHV
PHBV
PHBHx
PHBO
R
- CH3
-CH2CH3
- CH3 & CH2CH3
-CH3 & - CH2CH2CH3
-CH3 & -(CH2)4CH3
R = Hydrocarbon
x = 100-30000
n = 1-4
Carbon Cycle of Bioplastics
Photosynthesis
CO2
H2O
Biodegradation
Recycle
Plastic Products
Carbohydrates
Fermentation
PHA Polymer
Applications
Your food
comes from
nature..
Now so
does your
container
$$$$ factor
• The major drawbacks in commercialisation of PHA are
1) high cost of production and recovery
2) price
• Raw material ~ 40-50% of the total production cost
• Current price with natural producer like Ralstonia eutropha is
US $6-10 per kg, about 3-5 times more expensive than PP
• To be commercially viable, PHA price ~ US $3-5 per kg
• Therefore, various carbon sources are being explored in
order to reduce the price of bioplastics
• Our work focuses on producing organic acids and sugars
as cheap carbon sources for bioplastics (PHA and PLA)
UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS & BIOMASS
FOR NEW BIOPRODUCTS
JOINT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA
FELDA PALM INDUSTRIES SDN. BHD.
KYUSHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PALM OIL INDUSTRY: NEW BIOPRODUCTS
PROJECT #1 - Improved Methane
Fermentation from Palm Oil Mill Effluent
for Electric Power Generation for CDM
PROJECT #2 - Organic Acids Production
from Palm Oil Mill Effluent
PROJECT #3 - Production of Sugars and
Other Valued Products from Empty Fruit
Bunch and Fruit Fiber
Bioplastics from Palm Biomass
Concentration
of biomass
Oil
Extraction
Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Consumer
products
Bioplastic
(PHA)
Bio-acids Plant
Biomass Plastics from EFB
Poly-lactate pilot
plant at
Kyushu Institute of
Technology
Crystalline Poly-lactate
Novel Business Using Biomass Energy from Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
CDM provides profitable
area for novel business to
which biomass energy
can be supplied from
palm oil industry with a
reasonable price
for novel business
CDM provides a complete methane
fermentation system and change
lagoon area into a profitable area.
CDM provides electricity using the methane
fermentation system for novel business
with a competitive price.
1. CDM can reduce GHG by
sealing the lagoons.
2. Prevention of undesirable
smell by modern treatment.
3. Local employment can be
encouraged from new business.
Based on the economic growth in Malaysia, the development of new oil palm
plantations in the tropical rainforest will soon be no longer economically viable.
In order to meet the increasing demand for palm oil in the future, palm oil industry
must cooperatively stay with other industries and people >>> 3P (Profit, People, Planet)