Transcript Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive…

Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
OC-SBT/ SBI/ SGS 031-U01-02
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
 SEP – SBT031 – Unit 01
 SEP – SBI031 – Unit 01
 SEP – SGS031 – Unit 01
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Credits
 Academic Inputs by
 Mrs. Rasika Bhore
 M.sc ( Microbiology)
 [email protected]
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How to Use This Resource

Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver
lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.

Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should
follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.

Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should
be provided to each student.

Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which
could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance
knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end
exam.

Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.

Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end
exam.
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Learning Objectives

After studying this module, you should be able to:

Discuss monosaccharides with their classification.

Describe chirality of monosaccharides.

Describe all three possible structures of glucose molecule.

Discuss important properties of monosaccharides.
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Monosaccharides
 Monosaccharides are the simple carbohydrates in that they
cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbohydrates.
 The general chemical formula of an unmodified
monosaccharide is (C·H2O)n, where ‘n’ is any number, three or
greater.
 Three common sugars share the same molecular formula:
C6H12O6. Because of their six carbon atoms, each is a hexose.
They are:
 Glucose, "blood sugar", the immediate source of energy
for cellular respiration.
 Galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt), and
 Fructose, a sugar found in honey.
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Classification of Monosaccharides
 Monosaccharides are classified according
to three different characteristics:
1. The placement of its carbonyl group.
2. The number of carbon atoms it contains,
and
3. Its chirality.
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1. Based on Carbonyl Group

If the carbonyl group is an aldehyde , the monosaccharide is an
aldose; if the carbonyl group is a ketone, the monosaccharide is a
ketose.
Aldose
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Ketose
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2.Based on No. of Carbon Atoms in the Chain
 The smallest possible monosaccharide, those with
three carbon atoms, are called trioses.
 Those with four are called tetroses, five are called
pentoses, six are hexoses, and so on.
 These two systems of classification are often
combined, For example,
 Glucose is an aldohexose (a six-carbon aldehyde),
 Ribose is an aldopentose (a five-carbon aldehyde), and
 Fructose is a ketohexose (a six-carbon ketone).
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Examples of Trioses and Tetroses
Trioses
D-Glyceraldehyde
Terose
D-erythrose
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Examples of Pentoses and Hexoses
Pentose
D-ribose
Hexose
D-mannose
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Chirality
 Carbon atom with four different groups
attached is called Chiral or asymmetric
carbon.
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Glucose
 Physiologically and
biomedically glucose
is most important
monosaccharide.
 Glucose is also called
blood sugar as it
circulates in the
blood.
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Structure of glucose can be represented in 3 ways:
1.
Straight Chain / Fischer Projection
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2. Boat form
and
Chair form
The chair form is thermodynamically
more stable then the boat form. In
solution the chair form predominates.
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3. Cyclic Formula / Haworth's Projection

The aldehyde or ketone group of a straight-chain monosaccharide
will react reversibly with a hydroxyl group on a different carbon atom
to form a hemiacetal or hemiketal, forming a heterocyclic ring with
an oxygen bridge between two carbon atoms.
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Ring structure
 Rings with five and six atoms are called
furanose and pyranose forms, respectively,
and exist in equilibrium with the straightchain form.
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Examples………….
Glucopyranose
Fructofuranose
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Some Important Monosaccharides
 Acting as Reducing Sugars:
 Aldehyde sugars are readily oxidized & will react
with Benedict’s Reagent.
 Aldehydes reduce the complexed copper(II) ion
to copper(I).
 This provides a good test for presence of glucose
in urine.
 Red Precipitate is formed.
 Other are Molish test,Bial’s test,Tollens test.
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Osazone Formation
 The osazone reaction was developed and used by Emil Fischer
to identify aldose sugars differing in configuration only at the
alpha-carbon.
 Application of the osazone reaction to D-glucose and Dmannose demonstrates that these compounds differ in
configuration only at C-2.
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What we learn………
 Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
 They are classified on the basis of carbonyl
group, number of carbons & chirality.
 Glucose can be represented in 3 ways:
Fischer’s projection, Haworth's projection &
boat/chair form.
 Some monosaccharides plays important role
in clinical biochemistry.
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Critical Thinking Questions
1. If Benedict's test is positive & the sugar
found is glucose, then what disorder the
patient is suffering from?
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Tips For Critical Thinking Questions
 Disease in which sugar level increases due to
hormonal imbalance.
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Study Tips
 Book 2
 Book 1

Title: Biochemistry

Title: Biochemistry

Author: Dr. Mrs. Pankaja
Naik

Author: S. Agrawal

You can also perform the
Benedict's test, tollen’s
test etc. in laboratory.
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Study Tips
www.en.wikipedia.org
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopediata
www.fsj.valberta
Carbohydrates
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End of the Presentation
Thank You !