Transcript THE ROLE OF NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN BIOSOLIDS …

ADDRESSING CONCERNS
WITH BIOSOLID
APPLICATION PROGRAMS
DICK WOLKOWSKI
UW-MADISON
SOIL SCIENCE
WHAT ARE BIOSOLIDS
BIOSOLIDS ARE THE BY-PRODUCTS OF THE
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF ORGANIC
WASTES
THEY ARE COMPOSED OF ORGANIC MATERIAL,
PLANT NUTRIENTS, AND OTHER ELEMENTS
WHICH REFLECT THE ORIGIN OF THE WASTE
APPLYING BIOSOLIDS IN WISCONSIN
NR 204 CREATED TO REGULATE THE USE AND
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE
THE INTENT IS TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH,
AND TO PROTECT AND RESTORE THE
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL
INTEGRITY OF THE SOIL, AIR, AND WATER
LAND APPLICATION IS ENCOURAGED OVER
LANDFILLING AND INCINERATION
WHO CONTROLS BIOSOLID
APPLICATION
RESPONSIBILITY IS OUTLINED IN NR 204
THE FACILITY THAT GENERATES THE BIOSOLID
IS ULTIMATELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
CORRECT APPLICATION
IF THE BIOSOLID IS GIVEN TO ANOTHER TO
APPLY, THAT PARTY IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE
TOP TEN EXPRESSED CONCERNS FOR
LAND APPLICATION OF BIOSOLIDS
1. WHAT ARE BIOSOLIDS
2. WHO CONTROLS BIOSOLID APPLICATION
3. IS THERE A HEALTH RISK
4. WHAT IS NEEDED TO APPROVE A SITE
5. BIOSOLIDS AND NUTRIENT PLANNING
6. IS THERE TOO MUCH PHOSPHORUS
7. ARE HEAVY METALS A PROBLEM
8. WILL NITRATES LEACH TO GROUNDWATER
9. LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF BIOSOLID USE
10. HOW CAN WE FINE-TUNE BIOSOLID MGT.
IS THERE A HEALTH RISK
THERE IS A POTENTIAL FOR PATHOGENIC
ORGANISMS IN BIOSOLIDS
ACCESS TO BIOSOLID AMENDED LAND IS
DETERMINED BY THE TYPE OF CROP GROWN
AND WHETHER THE BIOSOLID IS
INCORPORATED INTO THE SOIL
DURATION BETWEEN APPLICATION AND
HARVEST/GRAZING/ACCESS FOR CLASS B
BIOSOLID (NR 204)
CROP SITUATION
FOOD CROP TOUCHING
SOIL (BEANS, MELONS)
FOOD CROP GROWN IN SOIL
(POTATO, CARROT)
OTHER (FIELD CORN, HAY
CORN)
LIVESTOCK GRAZING
PUBLIC ACCESS
– HIGH POTENTIAL
– LOW POTENTIAL
WAIT PERIOD (mo.)
14
20/38
SWEET
1
1
12
1
SELECTED SITE RESTRICTIONS FOR BIOSOLID
APPLICATION (NR 204)
SITE CRITERIA
BEDROCK
GROUNDWATER
WATER SETBACK
– 0-6 % SLOPE
– 6-12 % SLOPE
SLOPE
COMM. WELL
PRIVATE WELL
SCHOOLS
PROPERTY LINES
SURFACE
3 ft.
3 ft.
200 ft.
NA
0-6 %
1000 ft.
250 ft.
1000 ft.
50 ft.
INCORP.
3 ft.
3 ft.
150 ft.
200 ft.
0-12 %
1000 ft.
250 ft.
1000 ft.
25 ft.
INJ.
3 ft.
3 ft.
100 ft.
150 ft.
0-12 %
1000 ft.
250 ft.
500 ft.
25 ft.
BIOSOLIDS AND HEAVY METALS
HEAVY METALS IN BIOSOLIDS OCCUR
NATURALLY OR COME FROM INDUSTRY AND
VARY BETWEEN COMMUNITIES
HEAVY METALS ARE TIGHTLY HELD IN SOILS
ABOVE pH 5.5
CROP UPTAKE IS MINIMAL (ESPECIALLY IN
GRAIN)
NR 204 SETS CEILING CONCENTRATIONS AND
MAXIMUM LIFETIME LOADING LIMITS
HEAVY METAL CEILING CONCENTRATIONS AND
LIFETIME LOADING LIMITS FOR BIOSOLID
APPLICATION (NR 204)
ELEMENT
ARSENIC
CADMIUM
COPPER
LEAD
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NICKEL
SELENIUM
ZINC
CEILING CONC. (ppm)
75
85
4300
840
57
75
420
100
7500
LOADING (lb/a)
36
34
1339
268
15
?
375
89
2500
HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF THREE BIOSOLIDS
ELEMENT
ARSENIC
CADMIUM
CHROMIUM
COPPER
LEAD
MERCURY
MOLYBENUM
NICKEL
SELENIUM
ZINC
APPLETON WAUPACA WEYAUWEGA
----------------------- ppm ---------------------3.8
7.3
2.0
2.0
8.1
<0.5
197
33
43
403
700
68
74
41
6.8
1.2
1.1
0.4
23
nd
6.8
24
16
8.0
1.4
2.7
1.1
709
820
123
WHAT IS NEEDED TO APPROVE A SITE
1. LOCATION OF THE SITE DELINEATED ON AN
APPROVED MAP SHOWING SEPARATION
DISTANCES
2. OWNERSHIP OF THE SITE
3. RESULTS OF A CURRENT UWEX SOIL TEST
4. NUTRIENT PLAN IF N > 30 % OF CROP NEED
5. PRESENT USE OF SITE AND ADJACENT
PROPERTIES
6. TOTAL ACREAGE OF SITE
7. CROP TO BE GROWN
COLLECTING SOIL
SAMPLES
 HOW
– FOLLOW A2100
» ONE COMPOSITE SAMPLE / 5 ACRES
» EH FIELDS LESS INTENSIVELY
– 10 CORES / SAMPLE
– SAMPLE IN “W” PATTERN
– PLACE IN CLEAN BUCKET, MIX WELL
BEFORE BAGGING
– SAMPLE DEPTH VARIES BY TILLAGE
COLLECTING SOIL SAMPLES
 WHERE
– SAMPLE UNIFORM AREAS OF FIELD,
UNLESS LARGE ENOUGH TO TREAT
SEPARATELY
AVOID:
GATE AND HEADLAND AREAS
DEAD AND BACK FURROWS
MANURE AND RESIDUE PILES
COMPLETE THE SOIL
INFORMATION SHEET
 NAME AND ADDRESS
 PAYMENT METHOD
 TOTAL NUMBER OF ROUTINE
SAMPLES
 SPECIAL TESTS (EXTRA COST)
 CHECK FOR BIOSOLID APPLICATION
 COMPLETE FIELD INFORMATION ESPECIALLY NUTRIENT CREDIT DATA
BIOSOLIDS AND NUTRIENT PLANNING
BIOSOLID APPLICATION RATE BASED ON PLAN
PREPARED ACCORDING TO NRCS TECH. GUIDE 590
MAXIMUM APPLICATION RATE BASED ON THE N
RECOMMENDATION AS IDENTIFIED BY THE SOIL
TEST
ACCOUNT FOR N FROM LEGUMES, MANURE, AND
OTHER SOURCES
ASSUMED THAT 25% OF ORGANIC N AND ALL
AMMONIUM-N AVAILABLE IN YEAR ONE
OTHER N MANAGEMENT
CONSIDERATIONS
 RATE ADJUSTMENTS
– IF > 50% RESIDUE, INCREASE 30 lb N/a
– USE 30 lb N/a TO FOR LEGUME FORAGE
SEEDINGS ON SOILS < 2% ORGANIC
MATTER
– REDUCE N RATE 50 % SMALL GRAIN
SEEDED WITH A FORAGE LEGUME
 N AVAILABILITY TESTS
– PRE-PLANT NITRATE TEST
– PRE-SIDEDRESS NITRATE TEST
NUTRIENT CONTENT OF THREE BIOSOLIDS
ELEMENT
APPLETON WAUPACA WEYAUWEGA
--------------------- % DMB --------------------
TOTAL SOLIDS
20.8
3.70
32.6
KJELDAHL N
3.2
4.8
2.4
NH4-N
0.7
1.3
0.5
P
1.9
2.2
2.0
K
0.1
0.2
0.1
BIOSOLIDS AND PHOSPHORUS LOADING
BIOSOLID APPLICATION RATE BASED ON N
NEED WILL OVER APPLY PHOSPHORUS
PHOSPHORUS IS TIGHTLY HELD IN THE SOIL
AND DOES NOT LEACH
PHOSPHORUS BECOMES A PROBLEM IF SOIL
IS ERODED TO SURFACE WATER
THEREFORE, APPLY TO LOWER P TESTING
FIELDS AND PRACTICE CROP RESIDUE MGT.
Relationship between Bray P-1
(0-2 cm) and DRP in runoff.
Biosolids P rate effect on soil test P
(0-6 in.), Madison, WI, 1999.
Biosolids P rate effect on soil test P
(12-18 in.), Madison, WI, 1999.
Phosphorus inputs, removals, and
change in soil P in biosolids treatments,
Elkhorn, WI, 1979-2002.
Treatment
Biosolids P
added
P crop
removal *
-------- lb P/acre --------Control
Biosolids, 3
t/a
Biosolids, 6
t/a
* 45 lb P/acre /yr
Soil test P
1979
2002
----------- ppm -----------
0
1080
115
76
2100
1080
---
210
4200
1080
---
272
Soil P, ppm
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
6
Depth, in.
12
18
Control
24
Biosolids, 3 ton/acre
Biosolids, 6 ton/acre
30
36
Effect of long-term biosolids application (1979 - 1993) on soil test P distribution with depth
at Elkhorn, WI, December 2002.
WILL NITRATE LEACH TO GROUNDWATER
NITRATE LEACHING IS A CONCERN
REGARDLESS OF NUTRIENT SOURCE
FOLLOWING SOIL TEST RECOMMENDATION
WILL MINIMIZE CONCERN
CONSIDER DELAYING FALL APPLICATION ON
SANDY SOILS UNTIL SOIL TEMPERATURE IS
BELOW 50 F
NITRATE-N (ppm)
NITRATE-N MEASURED IN POROUS CUP SAMPLERS
PLACED BENEATH VARIOUS TREATMENTS
CONTAINING N, MADISON, WIS., 1995
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
8May
20Jun
N FERTILIZER
MANURE
BIOSOLID
20Jul
16Aug
18Sep
SAMPLING DATE
CONTROL
30Oct
21Nov
LONG-TERM EFFECT OF BIOSOLID
APPLICATION ON CORN YIELD, ELKHORN,
WIS. 1984-1994.
170
CONTROL
BIOSOLID
N FERTILIZER
YIELD (bu/a)
150
130
110
90
70
50
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
FINE-TUNING BIOSOLIDS MANAGEMENT
1. WORK WITH MUNICIPALITIES TO EVALUATE
THEIR MATERIAL
2. INSIST ON PROPER APPLICATION
3. USE UWEX NUTRIENT RECOMMENDATIONS
AND USE NUTRIENT CREDITS
4. APPLY TO LOWER P TESTING FIELDS FIRST
5. MAINTAIN CROP RESIDUE
6. DELAY FALL APPLICATION ON SANDY SOILS
UNTIL SOIL TEMPERATURE IS BELOW 50 F