Transcript Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Basics

1. Application of UV-C
2. Problems with HVAC Systems
1.
How does UV-C help?
3. What is UV-C
4. How do UV-C Lamps Work
5. ASHRAE Update
6. CDC and GSA specifications
7. Questions
Applications
UV in HVACR System Goals
Control Bio-Film
Control Bio-aerosols
Degrade Other Organic Debris
Maintenance
Who enjoys cleaning coils?
So To Reduce:
IAQ Problems
Absenteeism
Energy Use
Bio-Contamination
Bio-Contamination
Causes:
Higher Coil ΔP
Reduced:
Air Flow
Heat Exchange Efficiency
Drain Pan Drainage
Source of:
Mycotoxins
Endotoxins
Microbial VOC
Other Odor
Bio-Lunch at a
Well Known
Tobacco Plant
Various Infected Coils & Drain Pans
Plenums, Fans & Dampers
Hospital Drain Pans & Overflow
Mold Growth in Filter
Mold on Fan
Coil Surface Samples
THE PROBLEM
Energy Consumption
Depending on the region, more than half the energy consumed
can be for powering air conditioning and refrigeration
equipment.
And electrical power costs are often
Other
17%
the largest expenditure for most
occupied buildings.
Reducing energy use while
improving the working
environment of a building has
always been a common goal.
Ventilation
& Cooling
52%
Lighting
31%
Organic Matter Buildup
Lowers Coil Efficiency /
Increase in Coil Pressure
New Clean Coil:
=
Optimum
cooling/
Design
Add only .006”
of bio film:
=
Decreased
efficiency
Typical Responses To The Problem
Pump More
Chilled Water
Speed up Fan
=
Increased kWh
Usage on Fan
Motors
=
Increased kWh
Usage on Pump Motors
Lower Coil Water Temp
=
Significantly
Increases kWh
Usage on Chiller
INCREASED ENERGY COSTS
THE SOLUTION
Restore The Coil Efficiency
UV-C on The Coil
UV-C Energy Vaporizes
Organic Matter
Week One
Week Five
Energy is Reflected
Through The Coil
Harvesting Energy Savings
From A Restored Cooling Coil
Pump Less
Chilled Water
Slow Down Fan
=
Restored kWh
Usage
=
Restored kWh
Usage
Raise Coil Water Temp
=
Restores Significant
kWh Usage
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SAVINGS
UVC-HVAC Applications
What is UV-C
Light Spectrum
Ultraviolet Light Spectrum

1nm = 1/1000 micron

UV-A (315nm - 400nm) - Includes black lights,
sun tanning lamps and it is harmful to eyes

UV-B (280nm - 315nm) - Causes sunburn and
Skin cancer

UV-C (200nm - 280nm) - Is naturally
germicidal, damages the DNA of microbes
and more

The Sun produces all 3, UV-A & UV-B make it
through the Earth’s atmosphere. UV-C is
mostly filtered out
DNA Response to UV Energy
Light Spectrum
Germicidal UV-C Lamp 253.7 nm
Cell Destruction
Electromagnetic
energy breaks
through cell wall
Damages DNA
Cannot reproduce or
feed
Cell “Dies”
UVC energy enters the cell
DNA Damage
Lamps
Many kinds of lamps
Black light
UV-A
UV-C
Fluorescent
Germicidal
Fluorescent
Impure or “junk” glass; does not transmit UV-C
Contains Mercury (Hg)
Contains Phosphor
Contains Noble gas (Argon is the most common)
Germicidal Lamps
Glass that transmits UV-C
Quartz
Soda Barium (“soft glass”)
Phosphor is removed
Contains Mercury (Hg)
Majority use Argon some
use a mixture of Argon/
Neon or maybe a little Xenon
Fluorescent Vs. UV-C Lamps
Lamp Wattage/ Output
Philips Lamp Description
µW/CM
Lamp Wattage
Diameter
Philips TUV 4W
4
T5
9
Philips TUV 6W
6
T5
15
Philips TUV 8W
8
T5
21
Philips TUV 10W
10
T8
23
Philips TUV 11W
11
T5
26
Philips TUV 15W
15
T8
48
Philips TUV 16W
16
T5
45
Philips TUV Fl7T8
17
T8
88
Philips TUV 25W
25
T5
69
Philips TUV 25W
25
T8
69
Philips TUV 30W
30
T8
100
Philips TUV 36W
36
T8
145
Philips TUV 55W HO
55
T8
150
Philips TUV 75W HO
75
T8
220
Philips TUV 115W-R VHO
115
T12
610
Philips TUV 115W VHO
115
T12
360
Philips TUV 240W XPT
240
T6
800
Philips TUV 270W XPT
270
T10
920
Philips TUV PL-S 5W/2P
5
PLS
9
Philips TUV PL-S 7W/2P
7
PLS
15
Philips TUV PL-S 9W/2P
9
PLS
22
Philips TUV PL-S I I W/2P
11
PLS
33
Philips TUV PL-S I 3W/2P
13
PLS
31
Philips TUV PL-L I 8W/4P
18
PLL
51
Philips TUV PL-L 24W/4P
24
PLL
65
Philips TUV PL-L 35W/4P HO
35
PLL
105
Philips TUV PL-L 36W/4P
36
PLL
110
Philips TUV PL-L 55W/4P HF
55
PLL
156
Philips TUV PL-L 60W/4P
60
PLL
166
Philips TUV PL-L 95W14P HO
95
PLL
250
Philips TUV 36T5
40
T5
144
Philips TUV 64T5
75
T5
280
Philips TUV 36T5 HO
Philips TUV 64T5 HO
75
145
T5
T5
230
442
2
Lamp Intensity
For a variety of low pressure mercury TUV lamps, the irradiance
values at I meter distance are expressed below.
Philips Lamp Description
Lamp Wattage
Diameter
Microwatt/CM2
Philips TUV PL-L 35W/4P HO
35
PLL
105
Philips TUV PL-L 36W/4P
36
PLL
110
Philips TUV PL-L 55W/4P HF
55
PLL
156
Philips TUV PL-L 60W/4P
60
PLL
166
Philips TUV PL-L 95W14P HO
95
PLL
250
Philips TUV 36T5
40
T5
144
Philips TUV 64T5
75
T5
280
Philips TUV 36T5 HO
75
T5
230
145
T5
442
Philips TUV 64T5 HO
Intensity Factors
Lamp Intensity Factors
Lamps follow the
inverse square
law
Closer to the
lamp the higher
the intensity
Lamp
Philips TUV 64T5 HO
Distance from Lamp (inches)
Intensity
µW/CM2
2
32.3
14277
3
22.8
10078
4
18.6
8221
6
12.9
5702
8
9.85
4354
10
7.94
3509
12
6.48
2864
14
5.35
2365
18
3.6
1591
24
2.33
1030
36
1.22
539
39.37
1
442
48
0.681
301
60
0.452
200
80
0.256
113
100
0.169
75
120
0.115
51
µW/CM2
442
Safety
UV-C Exposure limits
UV-C Exposure
Radiometer
HVAC Applications for UV-C
Two distinct applications for UVC
Decontaminating surfaces
Coils
Filters “capture and kill”
Decontaminating moving air-streams
(“on-the-fly”)
“On-The Fly”
Shown is 12,000
MicroWatt/cm2
“Coil”
800 MicroWatt/cm2
shown
ASHRAE
American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers
ASHRAE Highlights
2005 -TG 2.UVAS created in Winter Meeting 2005 (Orlando)
2006 - TG 2.UVAS was turned into a full TC (TC-2.9)
2006 - SPC-185.1 was formed (“On-the-Fly” kill)
2007- SPC-185.2 was formed (Surface kill)
2008 - ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Published
Chapter 16 Highlights UV Fundamentals.
2009 – ASHRAE Board of Directors publishes a position paper on
Airborne Infectious Diseases…highlights UV-C
2011 – SPC-185.1 goes out for public review
2011 – AHSRAE HVAC Applications Handbook Published
Chapter 60 covers UV applications
2008 Fundamentals Handbook
2011 HVAC Applications Handbook
SPC-185
SPC-185.1 - MOT.UVC Lights for use in air handling units or air
ducts to inactivate airborne microorganisms
• 1.
PURPOSE
This standard establishes a test method for evaluating the efficacy of a
UVC device for inactivating airborne microorganisms in a moving air
stream.
SPC-185.2- Method of Testing Ultraviolet Lamps for Use in
HVAC&R Units or Air Ducts on Irradiated Surfaces.
• 1.
PURPOSE
This standard establishes a test method for measuring the intensity of
ultraviolet lamps on irradiated surfaces under typical HVAC&R
operating conditions
Position Document
Airborne Infectious Diseases
There are three general UVGI strategies: installation into
ventilating ducts, irradiation of the upper zones of occupied
spaces, and in-room irradiation after one occupant and before
the next.
Filtration and UVGI controls research are given top priority
because less is known about how these controls can be
applied in buildings and HVAC systems to decrease disease
events.
Research Priority
ASHRAE 2012-New Committee
New Committee is being formed to write “PD” position
documents for “Air Cleaning Devices”
Air Filtration
UV-C
Others
Will last 18 months
10 – 15 documents will be presented to ASHRAE for
publication.
CDC Guidelines
TB in Pakistan
Tuberculosis (TB), an illness that mainly affects the respiratory
system, is one of the world's most pernicious diseases.
TB currently infects one-third of the world's population and
kills approximately 1.7 million people each year.
Tuberculosis is a leading killer of young adults worldwide
Pakistan cases are estimated at 286,000 annually
Pakistan ranked 6th in the world on TB burden
CDC
Because of the results of numerous studies (116-120) and the
experiences of TB clinicians and mycobacteriologists during the
past several decades, the use of UVGI has been recommended
as a supplement to other TB infection-control measures in
settings where the need for killing or inactivating tubercle
bacilli is important (2,4,121-125).
Commercially available UV lamps used for germicidal
purposes are low-pressure mercury vapor lamps (127) that
emit radiant energy in the UV-C range, predominantly at a
wavelength of 253.7 nm (128).
Correctional Facilities
GSA Specification
GSA Specification
Implemented in 2000
Last revision was in 2005
Section Five, Sub-Section 5.8, Page 135
HVAC Components
Revised March 2005 – PBS-P100
GSA Section 5.8, pg 135
UL 1995- “proposed”
Will require AHU manufactures to test for leaking of UV from
cabinets.
The emissions from the equipment shall not exceed an
effective irradiance value of 0.1 microWatts/cm2
The ratings of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation lamp system shall
include, lamp rating in watts and voltage.
Conclusion:
OEM’s will rate cabinets for the maximum “Lamp
Watts”
Take Away
Remember ALL Germicidal lamps have their output at
253.7nm
Wattage dictates output…higher wattage = More UV-C output
Finally,
A Watt is A Watt
UV-C Benefits
Improves Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Cleans coils and drain pans
Recovers coil efficiencies
Reduces energy consumption
ASHRAE acceptance
Two chapters, two proposed test standards & Position Documents
Should be a “Standard of Care”
Thank You