Transcript Document

Highlights:
from
BABAR
to the
FUTURE!
Marcello A. Giorgi
44th Course International School of Subnuclear Physics 2006
“ETTORE MAJORANA” Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture
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1
BaBar Physics GOALS
1)Search for CP violation in B meson decays largely predicted by
the Standard Model
2)Test extensively at this low energy scale the Standard Model
by measuring precisely enough quantities to impose constraints
on the Standard Model parameters
CP in b sector has been established by BaBar and
Belle (2001)
TRY to open windows on new Physics beyond Standard Model
More precise CKM measurements, Rare B decays, Charm study,
Tau rare decays .
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3 ways to CP violation
CP, f / f 
Af Af  1


 i  f  i  f  Af Af
 22
 i  f  i  f  A A 11
f f
CP , f / f 
CPV in decay:
CPV in mixing:  SL t  
q p 1


d dt P




 i  f  i  f 
 i  f  i  f 


X   d dt P

X
0
0
d dt Pphys
 l  X  d dt Pphys
 lX
 l
0
phys
1 q p
4
1 q p
4
 l
0
phys
CPV in the interference decay-mixing:
For example: decays to CP eigenstates f CP
m f   0
q Af
f 
p Af
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 fCP

t  
d dt P


 d dt P
0
0
d dt Pphys
 f CP  d dt Pphys
 f CP
Marcello A. Giorgi
0
phys
 f CP
0
phys
 f CP


3
Observables: “direct” CP asymmetry
A1 = |A1|
i
A1 = |A1|
f
i
CP
f
A2 = |A2| ei ei
A2 = |A2| ei ei




 i  f  i  f 
   (CP-conserving)
CP , f / f 
 sinΦ sinδ
   (CP-violating)
 i  f  i  f 
Time-integrated “direct” CP asymmetry requires two amplitudes and :
A = A1+ A2

+
-
A = A1+ A2  A

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
ACP
4
Observables time-dependent CP asymmetry
Af
Af
B0
fCP
B0
fCP
CP
q p
p q
Af
0
A
0
f
B
B

 
0
0
t   fCP   Bphys
t   fCP
  Bphys

Interference between mixing and decay to a CP eigenstate.
Flavor-tagged time-dependent decay rates are different!
they are governed by the “CP parameter”:
1 | fCP | 2
q A f CP
 f CP   f CP
CfCP 
1 | fCP | 2
p A f CP
2Im fCP
Amplitude
S

CP
i2
fCP
2
e
1

|

|
ratio
f
CP
eigenvalue
from mixing
For single
decay
amplitude
0
  Im fCP
Asymmetr
Af ( t )  Cf cos( md t )  Sf sin( md t )
y
CP
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CP
Marcello A. Giorgi
CP
5
CP in Standard Model
Vud
V   Vcd
V
 td
Vus
Vcs
Vts
1 2

1




2
Vub  
1
Vcb   

1  2

2
Vtb   3
2
 A (1    i )  A

CKM quark
mixing matrix

A 3 (   i ) 
CP

  O ( 4 )
A 2


1


Violating phase
d•s* = 0 (K system)
Unitarity
s•b* = 0 (Bs system)
d•b* = 0 (Bd system)
B0 Mixing
B() 
bul
B() l
bcl
BD(*)l
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PEP-II & BaBar
11 Countries, 80 Institutions, 623 Physicists
Lmax = 1.12 X 1033 cm–2s–1
 Ldt = 371 fb–
1@{Υ(4S)+off(~10%)}
• (>3.7x108 B events)
•
Charged tracking/vertexing
• 5-layer DSSD Si µstrip
• 40 layers (He-isobutane)
Hadron identification
• tracker: dE/dx
• DIRC imaging Cerenkov
Electron/photon
• CsI calorimeter
Muon/KL
• Instrumented flux return
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8 x 3.5 GeV
KEKB & Belle
22 mrad crossing angle
SCC RF(HER)
ARES(LER)
13 countries,
57 institutes,
~400 collaborators
Belle detector
Ares RF
cavity
e+ source
8GeV (e)  3.5GeV (e+)
peak luminosity:
1.651034cm2s1
since 1999
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Integrated Luminosity
As of July 24, 2006
KEKB + PEP-II
~ 1 Billion BB pairs
KEKB
for Belle
PEP-II
for BaBar
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No evidence so far of CPV in Bd mixing
Experimental status:
from measurements at LEP, CLEO, BaBar and Belle:
q p  1.0013 0.0067
 SL  0.0026 0.0034
HFAG, Winter’05 average
Re  B
 0.0007 0.0017
1  B
Not easy to improve: systematics!
For example, the most recent paper: BELLE, hep-ex/0505017:
BELLE 2005
(78 + 9) fb-1
< 1/5 of the
available data !
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ICHEP2006 Time Dep. CPV: sin2 in b g ccs
M.Hazumi
B0gDh0 (h0 = 0 etc.)
Time-dependent Dalitz analysis
 cos2 > 0
Belle: 98.3%CL
(hep-ex/0605023, accepted by PRL)
BaBar 87% CL
(BABAR-CONF06/017)
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K.George
11
Extraction of CKM angle 
 is phase between b  u ( Vub ) and b  c ( Vcb ) amplitudes
Use interference between B   D 0 K  and B   D 0 K  decays
where the D 0 ( D 0 ) decay to a common final state f
Basic Idea
*
us
A  VubVcs*
V
  3  2   2 ei
Vub
Vcb
A  VcbV
*
us
D0

Vcs*
3
Dalitz plot method
Color
suppressed
Size of CP asymmetry depends on
(*)0

|
A
(
B

D
K) |
(*)
rB 
~ 0.1  0.3

(*)0

| A( B  D K ) |
Use B   D(*)0  K S0    K  decays
m.a.g.& n.neri
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Combined Results
including GLW and ADS
Updated! G.Marchiori
ICHEP06
Combined for 3 modes: φ3=53°+15 3° (syst)9° (model)
(Dalitz,GLWandADS )
8°<φ3<111° (2σ interval)
rDK =0.159+0.054 0.012(syst)0.049(model)
CPV significance: 74% rD*K=0.175+0.108 0.013(syst)0.049(model)
rDK*=0.564+0.216 0.041(syst)0.084(model)
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Global results on CKM angle 
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Vub and Vcb
Sides determination from semileptonic decays bc(u) l 

V*ub /V*cb
Vub Vcb and  are correlated.
Semileptonic decays allow the
determination of the sides
Inclusive and exclusive
modes are used to
mesaure Vub and Vcb
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Contribution of , |Vub |, |Vcb | to UT
|Vcb |= 42.0±0.7 INCLUSIVE
 is not yet
constraining !
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|Vub |/ |Vcb |
compatible
with the other
CKM
measurements
including 
16
EXTRACTION of a : Still
discrepancies
between Babar and Belle on B
M.Hazumi ICHEP06
(C = A)
2.3s
difference.
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a from B0→ full analysis
inputs
B(+0) = (5.75 0.42)
B(+-) = (5.20 0.25)  10-6
B(00) = (1.30 0.21)
A(00) = +0.35 0.33
S(+-) = 0.59  0.09
A(+-) = +0.39  0.07
No stringent constraint
obtained
with  system alone
 need  and 
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a constraints from B0→ decay
Isospin triangle now closed!
Long.Polarized
(New  from BABAR)
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ICHEP06 a from all modes: BaBar(//) + Belle(/)
a/2 =
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+11
[93 9 ]
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Marcello A. Giorgi
consistent with a global fit w/o a/2
aGlobal Fit = [ 98
+5
]
-19
20
º
sin2 and loops
In SM interference between B mixing, K mixing and Penguin bsss or bsdd gives the
same e2i as in tree process bccs. However loops can also be sensitive to New Physics!
b
W
u,c , t
B0
g
d
B0
u,c , t
g
d
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s  , ,( KK )
CP
s
s 0
K
d S
W
b
b
s K0
d S
d
d
1 September 2006
0
( 2 )
~ 5%
s
B0
d
Marcello A. Giorgi
 , ,( KK )CP
s
0
K
d S
New phases from SUSY?
Purely
dimensional b
estimate
0
B
( 2 /  )
~ 20%
s
d
s
d
d
d
K S0
0
21
Winter vs. Summer 05
Lp05
Deviation from SM:
No theory error: 3.7 s
Naïve theory errors: 2.9 s
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ICHEP06:  from b g s Penguins
Smaller than bgccs
in all of 9 modes
Theory tends to predict
positive shifts
(originating from phase
in Vts)
Naïve average of all b g s modes
sin2eff = 0.52 ± 0.05
2.6 s deviation between
penguin and tree
(b g s) (b g c)
More statistics crucial for mode-by-mode studies!
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Comment on averaging
On purely dimensional considerations the corrections
to the bs penguins are ranging between 5% and
20% , on the other hand the sign of the
corrections is far from been the same for
different channels.
As I mentioned at ICHEP averaging the results on
penguins is something adventurous and not simply
legitimate.
The averaged value can be diluted and non reflecting
the real amount of the difference from sin2
value of charmonium.
CP asymmetries in bs penguins will show perhaps
the first indications of new physics. But HIGHER
STATISTICS needed!
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On Rare Decays
WHY?
If new particles are to
appear on-shell at high
energy colliders, they must
appear in virtual loops and
affect amplitudes
b
H+
u
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+

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Chance to see them
when the Standard
Model amplitudes are
Small : Rare decays
25
Experimental techniques
Continuum
suppression
from combined
information
from shape
variables
And other
diagrams
Limits from
N= S + b
N small
_
_
b
b
efficiency is ~0.4-0.7% ( bbar pair)
W+
H+
1 September 2006
Proceeds through one or
+ two weak bosons with
b
u,c,t
d,s
W-
_
u
ERICE
+

_
b
W+
_
_
b
u
Uncertainties
on , b
+
b

d,s
Marcello A. Giorgi
~

strong CKM suppression
- Space open to NP quanta
to contribute.
+
-
Free of hadronic
uncertainties in final state
26
B   
Important as W
(suppressed by Vub) can
be replaced by charged
Higgs, etc
ICHEP06
Browder (Belle)
Sekula (BaBar)
SM prediction
(1.59 0.40) x 10-4
(depends on fB and Vub)
Difficult due to neutrinos in the final state
tag with fully
reconstructed B mesons
(180 channels)
(revised). 3.5 s significance
0.39
4
BF(B   )  (1.7900..56
)

10
490.46
(new) Tag with BD(*)l
4
BF( B   )  ( 0.8800..68

0
.
11
)

10
67
BF<1.80@90%CL
Averaged (1.36  0.48)x10-4
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Impact
ICHEP06
Barlow
Limits on e.g. 2 Higgs
doublet model: W.S.Hou,
PRD 48, 2342 (1993)
SM prediction
enhanced/reduced by
factor rH
Or: Within the SM, use the
value of BF(B++) to give
a measurement of fB
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Kl+l- for NP
ICHEP06Kovalskyi
Angular variables e.g.*: angle
of l l pair in their rest frame.
C10 interferes with C7/C9 to
give asymmetry
K*ll Asymmetry as a function of q2
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Search for New Physics (Lepton Flavour Violation)
The B factories are also  factories
s(+  -) = 0.89 nb at s = M()
Total sample of ~1.5 billion taus
 tan    M SUSY 
Br(   )  3.0 106  

 
 60   1T eV 
2
90% CL limits
Br (
-
 e- )
< 12 x 10-8
Br (
-
   )
< 4.1 x 10-8
Br ( -  e-  )
Br ( -    )
< 11 x 10-8
< 6.7 x 10-8
BaBar result
Belle result
R.Barlow ICHEP06
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4
30
BUT also Spectroscopy
Rare states are accessible to Babar thanks to the
very high statistics that can be collected with a
luminosity of 10 34 cm -2 s -1 .
BABAR has first observed Ds(2317) and BELLE the
X(3872) and Y(3940) , then :
MANY OTHER STATES
Methods:
Selection on Charm decay……
Initial State Radiation ISR….
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DsJ and many other new particles……
Daniele Del Re ICHEP06
Hot topic two years ago:
Mass and width are far
from predicted
DsJ*(2317)+
DsJ(2460)+
~100 MeV/c2
Ds0
New DK state(s) at 2.86GeV/c2
Ds1
Bg subtracted
Ds2(2573)+
?
M(DK)
ERICE
Evident new resonance at 2.86GeV/c2
Hints of a broad state at 2.69GeV/c2
No possible reflection found
Radial excitations???
?
GeV/c2
1 September 2006
m(Ds2 (2573))  (2572.2  0.3 1.0)MeV / c2
(Ds 2 (2573) )  (27.1  0.6  5.6)MeV / c2
m( X (2860))  (2856.6  1.5  5.0)MeV / c2
( X (2860) )  (47  7  10)MeV / c2
m( X (2690))  (2688  4  3)MeV / c2
( X (2690) )  (112  7  36)MeV / c2
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32
Roman Mizuk, Session 9-1
Charm
baryons
0
New baryon in D p
Lc(2880)+ A New Decay Mode
New Charm Baryon: L c(2940)+
Lc(2940) or  c(2940)?
No isospin partner found in D+p
Belle confirms in c 
Λc(2880)
N / 2.5 MeV
Peter Kim , Session 9-1
Λc(2940)
Λc(2765)
Lc(2880)+
N_sig = 2280 ± 310
Lc(2940)+
M(Σc(2455)0,++π±)
Wrong sign
D0p
D0 mass sidebands
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1 September 2006
BR(D0p)/ BR( Σcπ)=?
Need to measure both channels in one expt.
No identification yet for this state
Marcello A. Giorgi
33
XYZ
eeJ/ X(3940)
X(3872)J/
Y(3940)J/
eeY(4260)
(2S)
c2’
eeY(4350)
Many new charmonium states: 6 above DD threshold
+ 2 below (c(2S) and hc) for last 4 years
Most of heavy charmonium like stares are not explained by theory
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What in future?
PEPII and Babar will end operations in 2008
(Tevatron will end in 2009 ).
What Bfactories at very hign lumi can add to
the exploration beyond the SM in the era
of LHC ?
Can the achievable experimental sensitivity
and the theoretical uncertainties allow the
opening of a window on NP in the flavour
sector?
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Estimate of some Theoretical Uncertainties
Ligeti, ICHEP 2004
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UNIVERSAL UT fit with 50 ab-1
Universal fit makes only use of quantities independent of NP
contributions within MFV
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Extrapolation at high Lumi
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CAVEAT on PENGUINS
Some effects seen in b  sss by Belle/BABAR could appear
intriguing, but …
–
–
–
Belle /BABAR results on specific modes are not in detailed agreement
There are non-negligible SM theory uncertainties in many modes
Vulnerability will remain even if results in the next few years reach 4+s
Better look to some clean mode. Example:
•
13 mass insertion
23 mass insertion
 ACP (J/ KS-0KS)
 ACP (J/ KS-KS)
KS (as now)
KS 30 ab-1
Ciuchini, Franco, Martinelli, Masiero, & Silvestrini
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bsl+l- precision measurements
New Physics – K(*) l+l-, sl+lMeasurement
e+e- Precision
Goal
3/ab
10/ab
50/ab
100/ab
B(BK  /B(BKe+e-) SM: 1
~8%
~4%
~2%
~1.5%
SM: <
0.05%
~6%
~12%
~3%
~6%
~1.5%
~3%
~1.1%
~2%
SM:
±5%
~20%
~9%
9%
27%
15%
6.7%
5.0%
36-55%
20-30%
9-13%
7-10%
ACP(BK* l+l-) (all)
mass)
(high
AFB(BK*l+l-) : ŝ0
AFB(Bsl+l-) : ŝ0
AFB (Bsl+l-) : C9 , C10
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40
Rare Decays
MEASUREMENT
Goal
BBD*)
SM: B: 8x10-3
BBs)K,K*
SM:Theory
~5%
1 excl: 4x10-6
BBinvisible)
BBd )
BBd )
50/ab
100/ab
10.2%
5.6%
2.5%
~1s
>3s
>4s
>5s
<2x10-6
<1x10-6
<4x10-7
<2.5x10-7
<3x10-8 <1.6x10-8 <7x10-9 <5x10-9
~1x10-8
<1x10-3
O(10-4)
?
?
<3.4 10-9
 Ldt
<1.25 10-10
B Ks) now < 4.910-8
ERICE
10/ab
~8x10-11
B ) now< 4.2 10-8
 1
3/ab
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41
PHYSICS CASE for Super Flavour Factory
The physics case for a Super Flavour Factory is solid if : The
sample of data available in a few years of running would be bigger
than 50 ab -1 and approaching 100 ab -1 (10 11 B Bbar, tau and charm
pairs) .L between 1036 and 1037 cm-2 s-1
Possibility of running at lower CM Energy still with L >1035 for special
runs on Charm and  .
Possibility of one polarized beam for Tviolation studies in .
The running period is overlapped to LHC. (Results from Super Flavour
Factory and LHC are largely complementary).
See for example:
Report from Roadmap committee (Slac.BABAR Analysis Doc#828 26July2004)
The Discovery Potential of a Super B Factory (Slac-R-709)
Letter of Intent for KEK Super B Factory ( KEK Report 2004-4 )
Physics at Super B Factory ( hep-ex/0406071 )
Many documents available at the URL :
www.pi.infn.it/SuperB
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Summary from Oide’s talk at 2005 2nd Hawaii SuperBF
Workshop
• Present design of SuperKEKB (SAME CONSIDERATIONS
FOR PEPII) hits fundamental limits in the beambeam effect and the bunch length (HOM & CSR)
Higher current is the only way to increase the
luminosity .
• Many technical and cost issues are expected
with a new RF system
We need a completely different collider
scheme.....
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Issues
• HIGH CURRENT and HIGH
BACKGROUND IS AN ISSUE FOR :
• DETECTOR DESIGN
• WALL POWER NEEDED
(even >>100MW)
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SuperB new approach based on ILC FF and DR
Crossing angle = 2*15 mrad
ILC rings &
ILC FF
SuperB Contributors (Accelerator):
BINP: Koop, Levichev, Shatilov
KEKB: Ohmi
LNF: Biagini, Raimondi, Zobov
Pisa:
M.A.G., Paoloni
SLAC: Novokhatski, Seeman, Seryi,
Sullivan, Wienands
ERICE
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REQUIREMENTS
High luminosity requires:
- short bunches
- small vertical emittance
- large horizontal size and emittance to mimimize beambeam
For a ring:
- easy to achieve small horizontal emittance and horizontal
size
- Hard to make short bunches
Crossing angle swaps X with Z, so the high luminosity
requirements are naturally met: Luminosity goes with 1/x
and is weakly dependent by sz
ERICE
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“Crab waist” (P.
Raimondi)
x
Y
e+
e-
2sx/

2sz*
z
2sz
2sx
“Crab waist” removes beam-beam betratron coupling
Introduced by the crossing angle
Vertical waist has to be a function of x:
Z=0 for particles at –sx (- sx/2 at low current)
Z= sx/ for particles at +sx (sx/2 at low current)
Crabbed waist realized with a sextupole in phase with the IP in X and at /2 in Y
For a fixed longitudinal position, y does not depend on the horizontal motion anymore !
No vertical modulation due to the horizontal oscillations !
ERICE
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47
BB simulations with ILC code
Horizontal Plane
Vertical Plane
Collisions with uncompressed beams
Crossing angle = 2*15 mrad
Relative Emittance growth per collision: yout/yin=1. 5x10-3
Crab waist scheme is planned to be tested in 2007 in DAFNE
ERICE
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Machine parameters
Present parameter set based on ILCDR-like parameters 3.0 Km long
rings studied with ILC OCS (Baseline) lattice scaled to 4 and 7 GeV :
• Same DR emittances
• Same DR bunch length
• 1.5 times DR bunch charges
• Same ILC-IP betas
• Crossing angle and “crab waist” to minimize bb blowup
•PEP-KEK DR damping time 17ms
•Fewer and lower field wigglers used (pm )
•Final Focus (ILC-like) included
•Design based on recycling all PEP hardware, Bends, Quads and Sexts,
and RF system
•Maximize Luminosity keeping low E and wall power.
ERICE
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Energy (GeV)
4
7
C (m)
2762
2762
Bw (T)
1.4
1.05
Lbend(m)
2.1
10.8
N. bends
96
96
Bbend (T)
0.439
0.144
2.3
4.1
4
4
7.0
17
7.0
17
0.79
0.71
0.25%
0.25%
E
1.0x10-3
1.1x10-3
Momentum compaction
1.85x10-4
3.90x10-4
0.012
0.026
5.5
19
3.31
1.89
Ibeam (A)
2.5
1.44
Tousheck lifetime (min)
95
1100
Pbeam(MW)
5.7
5.9
Uo (MeV/turn)
Wiggler sections
sz (mm)
s (ms)
x (nm)
Emittance ratio
s
Vrf (MV)
Npart (x1010)
Frf (MHz)
Nbunches
Gap
ERICE
1 September 2006
Pwall (MW) (50% eff) 2 rings
476
Marcello A. Giorgi
4167
5%
23.2
Ring
Parameters
IP Parameters
x
20mm
sx
4m
sxp
200rad
y
200m
sy
20nm
syp
100rad
sz
7mm
2*
30mrad
L1036 cm-2 s-1
50
Upgradeable !
But more stringent requirement to go down with Wall Power!
Luminosity [cm-2 s-1]
2,5 10
37
2 1037
1,5 10 37
1 1037
5 1036
1036
N
0
0
2,5 10
10
5 10
10
7,5 10
10
1 10
11
1,25 10
11
1,5 10
11
M. Zobov, D. Shatilov
ERICE
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SuperB EFFORT
International Study Group is in place on
Physics case, Detector and Machine design.
A Steering Committee (led by m.a.g.) whose
members are from :
Canada,France,Germany,Italy,Russia,UK and
US is coordinating the effort.
Member from Japan (KEK) is to join soon.
CDR is to be delivered at beginning 2007 to
the INFN President and to be
internationally reviewed.
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Possible Site: Tor Vergata campus
Ring circumference: 3. to 2.2 Km
O 1.0Km
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O 0.7Km
53
BACKUP!
ERICE
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BaBar2006: sin2 in b g ccs
K.George
ICHEP 06
A = 0.07  0.028  0.018
B0 g J/K
(2S)KS,
cKS,
c1KS,
J/K*
ERICE
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55
Time Dep.CPV measures Sin2 from B0  J/ K0
0 tag
B
_
B0 tag
O. Tajima
ICHEP 06
BELLE-CONF-0647
_
532 M BB pairs
previous measurement
sin21= 0.652  0.044
(386 M BB pairs)
Sin(21/2)= 0.642 ±0.031 (stat) ±0.017 (syst)
A = 0.018 ±0.021 (stat) ±0.014 (syst)
ERICE
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Updated! G.Marchiori
ICHEP06
ERICE
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BaBar2006: B g  Dalitz analysis
B0
B0




Interference
info. on
strong phase
difference
1 September 2006
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58
Preliminary result in 2004 (16 parameters ignoring ) is superseded.
ERICE
Direct CP in K 
Competing amplitudes with different
strong and weak phases
ACP should be the same for K+and K+0 (Gronau: hep-ph 0508047)
Current averages (HFAG)
ACP (K+-)=-0.093  0.015
ACP (K+0)=+0.047  0.026
Difference 0.14  0.03 – a long way from zero
Maybe colour-suppressed trees are responsible
Maybe New Physics
Based on isospin one can produce several ratios that should agree
R Fleischer et al, Phys J C 45 (701-710) 2006)
Rn=(K+ -)
Rc=2 (K+ 0)
2 (K00)
(K0+)
Obtain (HFAG averages)
Rn=0.99  0.07
Rc=1.11  0.07
ERICE
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Marcello A. Giorgi
(A Buras,
Agree with each other
And with SM predictions
The “K puzzle” is no more
59
New mesons&Baryons
Two new DsJ mesons found in DK mass distributions in e+e- continuum
the same?
One new baryon in D0p mass distributions in ee continuum
Baryon number and charm are carried out
by different particles
New decay mechanism for charmed baryons:
Baryon number and strangeness are carried out
by different particles
Two new baryons in Lc+ K-+ mass distributions in e+e- continuum
One new baryon in Lc+ KS- mass distributions in e+e- continuum
isopartner
First observatin of c*
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60
No InterpretatIon yet
New DsJ mesons in D0K+ mass distributions in BD0(D0K+)