Transcript ECE Day Poster

Examining Power Grids Response to PHEVs Charging
Demand
Student(s): Zahra Darabi, Electrical and Computer Eng.
Motivations
Faculty Advisor: Dr. Mehdi Ferdowsi, Electrical and Computer Eng.
Case Study
Statistical Study- Driving pattern
• National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) 2001: comprehensive reference for
transportation data
• Two solutions for determining driving patterns data (plugging-in
time, miles driven, and vehicle type):
100
•
Daily mileage
80
•
Max. generation: 90 GW
70
60
0.16
•
0.14
Probability
0.12
Background
Charging levels: 1.4, 7.68 kW
50
Generation Capacity
40
0.1
CL: 1.4 kW
30
0.08
CL: 7.68 kW
20
0.06
0.04
10
0.02
0
Domestic load profile
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
• The most common mileage is in the range of
25-30 miles.
95-100
90-95
85-90
80-85
75-80
70-75
65-70
60-65
55-60
50-55
45-50
40-45
35-40
30-35
25-30
20-25
15-20
>100
35
30
20
15
1.4 kW, with no limitation
25
1.4 kW, with generation limitation
20
• defined power grid potential: Difference between the highest
demand during the off-peak and the maximum generation
capacity
7.68 kW, with no limitation
GW
7.68 kW, with generation limitation
15
10
10
5
5
Time
Miles
0:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
0:00
2:00
0
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
9:00
10:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0
0-5
5_10
10_15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
40-45
45-50
50-55
55-60
60-65
65-70
70-75
75-80
80-85
85-90
90-95
95-100
>100
• presented valley filling approaches
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0:00
% of vehicles
• compared total load profiles with and without PHEVs
Time
Case study 2: CNV region
Arriving time
45
40
•
3.5
•
3
2.5
Max. generation: 40 GW
•
2
30
25
20
Generation Capacity
15
Charging levels: 1.4, 7.68 kW
CL: 1.4 kW
10
1.5
CL: 7.68 kW
5
1
Domestic load profile
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
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17:00
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23:00
0:00
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13:00
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0:00
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11:00
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9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
Time
0:00
• Arriving vehicles make a virtual queue
15:00
0
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
0:00
0
0.5
3:00
• Power grid is a collection of outlets.
Number of vehicle: 25.8 million
2:00
• Arriving time of vehicles gives some guide for
plugging-in time.
35
GW
4
% of Vehicles
Approach
25
Miles
• 55% of vehicles are driven 30 miles daily or less.
• allowed PHEVs to be plugged in and then measurement of how
much the power system constraints were violated
Time
GW
• Previous studies
10_15
• Uncertainty regarding driving patterns makes the researchers
generate probability distribution functions (PDFs)
5_10
0-5
0
1:00
ii. Making assumptions
90
Number of vehicle: 27.7 million
1:00
i. Extracting Data from transportation surveys
Case study 1: ECAR region
GW
• A future grid should be able to cope with the extra demand due to
PHEV charging.
25
30
Time of day
• This approach first sets the red lines, and then allows the PHEVs to
be charged as long as the constraints are not violated.
15
Vehicle Type
Number
Percentage
1
23,881
60.85%
2
4,686
11.94%
3
5,139
13.1%
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
A higher charging level causes larger deformation
•
CNV has larger deformation than ECAR
Conclusion
Power Grid
Reference
EPRI- NEC
Available charging level
SAEJ1772
Examining
framework
Vehicles plugging-in time
Outputs
• Battery Capacities of four types of PHEVs.
Penetration rate
Tolerance time
•
• set the power system’s limitation so that the total load profile
never surpasses the power grid’s limits during the
examination.
• Three charging levels based on two references
Level
Vehicle type (car, truck, SUV,…)
Time
• This study:
Domestic load profile
2
0
Time
4
5,536
14.11%
Charging level & battery capacity
Daily miles driven
0
2:00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
91
5
1:00
Types of vehicles in NHTS
Automobile/car/station wagon
Van (mini, cargo, passenger)
Sports utility vehicle
Pickup truck
Other truck
RV (recreational vehicle)
Motorcycle
Other
Charging station
1
GW
10
• The first four types of vehicles are selected for this
study.
• Type 1 is the most common vehicle.
7.68 kW, with generation limitation
10
5
Charged vehicles
7.68 kW, with no limitation
15
0:00
Arriving vehicles
Giving-up vehicles
Max. generation capacity
1.4 kW, with generation limitation
GW
Vehicle type
20
1.4 kW, with no limitation
0:00
Queue of waiting vehicles
25
20
Driving pattern
Type
Compact Sedan
Mid-size Sedan
Mid-size SUV
Full-size SUV
Total kWh
6.51
7.21
8.75
10.15
kWh/mile
0.3255
0.3605
0.4375
0.5075
1
120VAC, 15A (12A)
1.44 kW
120VAC, 12A, 1phase
1.44 kW
2
240VAC, 1phase, 40A
208-240VAC, 1phase
32A, 6.66-7.68kW
3
480VAC, 3phase, 60 to
150 kW
208-600VAC, 3phase,
400A, >7.68 kW
• considered the customers’ behaviors for charging requests.
• indicated that the power system’s ability to supply the
charging demand is different for each region.
• determined driving patterns PDFs to permit their use in
studies related to stochastic analyses.
Acknowledgment
•
This work has been partially supported by the Intelligent Systems
Center at the Missouri University of Science and Technology