Transcript dbh>40 cm
Managing wood production in temperate forests: experiences and success factors Seminario “Manejo Forestal Sustentable: Experiencias Internacionales y Perspectivas para México” Mexico, Sept 22, 2014 Jean-Martin Lussier 90% Public 6% Private 2% Federal 2% Aboriginal 68% conifer 16% mixedwood 11% broadleaf Hardwood & mixedwood stands in Eastern Canada Mixture of 5-10 species/stand Natural regeneration Uneven-aged History of partial harvests Acer saccharum Érable à sucre Sugar Maple Betula alleghaniensis Bouleau jaune Yellow birch Quercus rubra Chêne rouge Red Oak http://blogue.tourismemauricie.com/ www.lanaudiere.qc.ca www.bonjourquebec.com Multifunctional Forest Selectively harvested since the XIXth Century http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/ http://www.muskokaregion.com/ Warbirdnews.com The effects of selective cuttings (Aka. Diameter-limit cuts) « Cut the best, leave the rest » • Depletion of quality trees • Low canopy cover • Patchy/unsufficient regeneration of desired species • No consideration of tree promotion rate • No management of stand regeneration © Ralph Nyland Source: Bedard & Meunier 2006 IUFRO Conference Rouyn-Noranda. Management of Hardwoods in Quebec THE SELECTION SYSTEM • Management of cutting cycle and residual stocking • Continuous stand improvement “Cut the worse, leave the best” • Size-structure management • Tighter control through tree marking • Growth monitoring Mousseau Forest, 15 years after the first selection cut Tree marking: a key process of Quebec’s selection system Selection system: Cutting Guides Source: Majcen et al. 1990 Stems /ha Initial density Target residual density DBH (cm) 2002 Change in management policy Low Grade Stands UNSUFFICIENT BASAL AREA GROWTH Unadequate marking rules for stand improvement New grading system of tree vigour (MSCR System) NEW TREE MARKING PRIORITIES FORCING STAND SANITATION DIFFERENT BASKET OF PRODUCTS => More Pulpwood => Less Sawlogs 17 Hardwoods: a value chain founded on appearance wood ≠ 5 Hardwood Pulp and Paper Mills http://img.src.ca/2011/05/04/635x357/PC_110504_o4u60_domtar-usine-windsor_sn635.jpg Typical Hardwood Value Chain Pulp Mill MARKETS FOREST Lumber Mill Furniture Makers Cabinet Makers 20 Price of a 8-foot/12-inches log Vs. species, heartwood color and number of clear faces (CF) (Région des Hautes Laurentides, Mars 2013) 300 Max 250 Supply Coût $/m3 200 90eCentile Cost 150 50eCentile 100 50 10eCentile 0 0CF ICF 2CF 3CF 4CF 0CF ICF 2CF 3CF 4CF 0CF ICF 2CF 3CF 4CF <33%Coloration >33%Coloration Sugar Maple Source: http://www.spfl.net/ Yellow Birch MIN BASKET OF PRODUCTS PER TREE (Sugar Maple + Yellow Birch) 0.80 m3/tree 0.60 0.40 3-4 Clear Faces Logs 1-2 Clear Faces Logs 0.20 0 Clear Faces Logs (Pulp) High Low High Low High Low High Low Quality Quality Quality Quality Quality Quality Quality Quality DBH 10-22cm DBH 24-38cm DBH 40-48cm DBH 50cm+ The negative impact of stand improvement strategy on the current value chain Typical market prices and costs of low-grade hardwood (mill gate) Because of the structure of the value chain, Lumber mills are absorbing the cost Supply cost Norampac-Cabano Groupe Savoie-St-Quentin More pulpwood means more costs Domtar-Windsor Fortress- Thurso 0 20 40 60 $/m3 Market prices Planning & Management Harvest & Bucking Loading & Deloading Transportation Roads & camps 80 Trying to solve the problem NEEDS Cost reduction Improvement of the basket of products SOLUTION 1. Revise the production objectives 2. Reduce dispersion costs 3. Diversify the silviculture systems 4. Reduce planning errors and control costs Average evolution of the value of lumber-quality maple and birch trees 140 120 $/tree 100 80 PB (10-22cm) BM (24-38cm) GB (40-48cm) TGB (50cm+) 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 YEARS 30 40 Shift in silviculture approach… BEFORE All defect trees should be removed first to improve stand quality NOW Regardless to their quality, Trees over 40cm should be considered mature and ready to harvest, unless… some canopy retention is needed to favour regeneration AND/OR The income needs to be smoothed out over multiple cutting cycles. Dispersion cost ($/m3) DISPERSION COST OF FOREST OPERATIONS (Favreau 2004) Partial cuts in hardwoods Total cuts in softwoods Harvested volume by kilometer of forest road (m3/km) Current Scenario Alternative Scenario 57,81 $/m3 47,60 $/m3 Source: Adamczewski et Fortin 2009 http://notreforet.ca/projet_30.htm) Analysis of 2 deployment alternatives Sector Mitchinamecus, Québec 28 Diversify the Silviculture Systems Uniform Sheterwood Irregular Shelterwood Extended Expanding gaps Continuous Cover Selection The 1-2-3 method for silviculture systems involving partial cutting 1. Rational trail network 2. Tree selection guidelines 3. Control method 30 STEP 1: Set a rational trail system STEP 2: Set the guidelines for tree selection SIMPLE CASE STRUCTURE: Closed canopy of mature trees & lack of regeneration SYSTEM: Extended Irregular Shelterwood ACTIONS Yr 0: Harvest 50% of the trees in all classes to favour regeneration Yr 20: Overstory removal (Uniform Shelterwood) 33 34 A Multitreatment approach : Changing the guidelines as the structure changes The operator observes the analysis zones (150 m²) He counts the number of large trees (dbh>40 cm) Only 1 large tree All tree size-classes Cut 1 large tree 2 large trees Mainly first cohorts Cut 1 tree out of 2 larges 0 large tree Mainly second cohort 0 large mid-sized Regen only Cut 1 tree Out of 4 mid-size Pass by Trail only STEP 3- Control process Usually done with operational sampling plot networks Research on the application of Lidar technology LiDAR Points cloud XYZ Multitreatment Mapping with Lidar Cut 1 tree out of 2 larges Pass by Trail only Cut 1 large tree or Cut 1/4 mid-size ¡Gracias! Contact Jean-Martin Lussier, ing.f., Ph.D. Chercheur en sylviculture Centre canadien sur la fibre de bois 1055 rue du PEPS, Québec. Que G1V 4C7 Tél: 418-648-7148 [email protected] www.fpinnovations.ca