Transcript Document

Jasmin Honegger &
Yucheng Liu (PhD)
Introduction
 Wind energy is a form of unit conversion that utilizes
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turbines to convert the kinetic energy of wind into
electrical or mechanical energy that can be used
accordingly as a source for power.
Wind power is acknowledged as a renewable energy source
because it does not use fossil fuels.1
There are two types of wind energy: onshore & offshore.
China, the United States, and Germany are at the forefront
of the wind energy industry.
37 states have implemented using at least some utility-scale
wind power, however, Louisiana has not taken advantage of
wind energy yet.
[1] “Wind Power”, Energy Sources, 8/26/2011, <http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wind.htm>.
Introduction (cont.)
 4,000 years ago, the Chinese and Babylonians were using
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wind power as a source to pump water for irrigating crops.
Sailboats were being used long before then.
With the invention of electricity, the modern wind energy
system was fabricated.
Presently, we use wind turbines to generate electricity from
wind power.2
Wind turbines are, in the simplest sense, tall towers with
propellers on the tops of them.
[2] “Wind Energy Basics”, Wind Energy Development Programmatic EIS, <http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/basics/index.cfm>.
Introduction (cont.)
 The propeller blades, similar to aircraft propellers, turn in
moving air much like the opposite of a fan.
 The blades then convert the energy in the wind to
rotational shaft energy which connects to an electric
generator that distributes an electric current.
 To produce more electricity, multiple turbines are built in
proximity to make “wind farms.”
 Electricity from these farms can then be used to power
homes, schools, businesses, and etcetera.2
[2] “Wind Energy Basics”, Wind Energy Development Programmatic EIS, <http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/basics/index.cfm>.
Why wind energy?
World Energy Usage in 2008
Oil
Coal
Gas
25
37
Nuclear
Biomass
Hydro
Solar heat
Wind
0.04
0.2
0.2
0.3 0.5
Geothermal
3
23
4
6
[3] http://www.creativeenergyengineering.com/renewables_integration.html
Biofuels
Solar
photovoltaic
Chinese Dominance
 China is currently the world leader in wind power capacity.
 From 2005 to 2010, China’s wind power capacity multiplied
from 1,260 megawatts to 44,733 megawatts.4,5
 By the end of 2015, China plans to more than double its
wind power capacity to 100,000 megawatts.6
 With an extensive land mass and a long stretch of
coastline, China has phenomenal wind resources to help
develop its wind industry.
[4] “Record year for wind energy: Global wind power market increased by 40.5% in 2005”, Press Release of Global Wind Energy Council,
2/17/2006.
[5] “World Wind Energy Report 2010”, World Wind Energy Association, February 2011.
[6] “China revises up 2015 renewable energy goals: report”, Reuters, 8/29/2011.
Chinese Dominance (cont.)
 Not only have the Chinese been successful with onshore
wind energy, in 2010, China had its first offshore wind farm
completed.
 Located 5 to 8 miles off the East China Sea coast, the
Donghai Bridge Wind Farm has 102 megawatts of installed
capacity, showcasing 34 wind turbines.
European Wind Prominence
 Germany is presently at the forefront of Europe’s onshore
wind energy status and third in the world in wind power
capacity as of 2010.
 The installed capacity of wind power in Germany in 2010
was 27.2 gigawatts.7
 Approximately 7% of Germany’s total electrical power is
produced by wind power and this industry in Germany has
supplied over 96,100 people with jobs. 8
[7] Böhme, Dieter, “Renewable energy sources 2010”, Erneuerbare Energien, Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and
Nuclear Safety. 3/23/2011.
[8] “72,6 Gigawatts Worldwide”, Wind Energy Barometer, February 2007.
German Wind Power Map
[9] http://mygermantravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/German-Wind-Power-Map1.png
European Wind Prominence (cont.)
 Europe is rapidly developing its offshore wind industry at a
faster pace than any other region.
 At the start of 2011, Europe was up to 1,136 offshore wind
turbines.
 The leading country in Europe and in the world is the
United Kingdom with 1,341 megawatts of total installed
offshore wind capacity.10
 From January to June in 2011, 108 turbines were built off of
Europe’s coastline and 101 of those turbines were built
around the United Kingdom.11
[10] “Offshore Wind Booming in Europe”, Renewable Energy World, 1/20/2011.
[11] Harvey, Fiona, “UK sails ahead in offshore wind power generation”, The Guardian. 7/27/2011.
American Advancement
 Second in the world to China, the U.S. had a total installed
wind capacity of 42,432 megawatts as of the second quarter
of 2011.12
 Currently, 37 states have installed at least a minimum of
some utility-scale wind power.13
 The state with the most installed wind power capacity in
the U.S. is Texas with 10,135 megawatts.14
 Texas has quite a substantial lead in wind energy progress
compared to the other 49 states.
[12] “Industry Statistics”, American Wind Energy Association, 8/4/2011.
[13] “AWEA: U.S. Wind Power Surmounted Challenges In 2010”, North American Windpower. 1/3/2010.
[14] “U.S. Wind Industry Second Quarter Market Report”, American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), August 2011.
Wind Installations by State in 2011
[14] “U.S. Wind Industry Second Quarter Market Report”, American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), August 2011.
American Advancement (cont.)
 Texas is not only the state with the most installed wind
capacity in the United States but also home to the largest
wind farm in the world.
 The Roscoe Wind Farm in Nolan County has 627 wind
turbines and a total capacity of 781 megawatts, enough to
power over 250,000 average Texan homes.16
[15] “E.ON Delivers 335-MW of Wind in Texas”, Renewable Energy World, 9/23/2008.
Offshore Wind Power
 Offshore wind power is attributed to the construction of
wind farms in any body of water used to generate electricity
from harnessing wind.
 3.16 GW (gigawatts) of offshore wind power capacity was
operational as of October 2010, primarily in Northern
Europe.
 By 2020, offshore wind power capacity is anticipated to
achieve 75 GW worldwide, with considerable assistance
from China and the United States.
[16] Madsen & Krogsgaard, “Offshore Wind Power 2010”, BTM Consult, 11/22/2010.
Offshore Wind Farm
[17] http://www.flickr.com/photos/vattenfall/3581236645/sizes/l/in/photostream/
Offshore Wind Power (cont.)
 There is no doubt that Europe is the world leader for
establishing and developing offshore wind energy with 80
percent of the world’s offshore wind farms.
 Thanet, the world’s largest offshore wind farm, is located in
the United Kingdom and has 300 megawatts of installed
capacity.18
[18] “Offshore Wind Farms – List of the Major Offshore Wind Projects and Future Wind Plants”, Green World Investor. 4/18/2011.
Advantages
Wind energy does not pollute the environment like fossil
fuels, nuclear and coal energy because it is a green energy
source.
2. Wind energy is renewable, meaning that the supply is
essentially unlimited.
3. Wind energy works coherently with other means of
joining energy such as geothermal heating and solar
panels.
4. Wind energy has a substantial availability. Some areas are
more advantageous for wind energy than others, but it
can be achieved in most areas.
1.
[19] “Wind Energy Pros and Cons”, Energy Informative, 6/21/2011.
Advantages (cont.)
There is a possibility for people to use wind power to
produce their own electricity. Certain companies
specialize in home installations and there are also DIY
wind energy kits available for sale.
6. Wind energy can allow people to be energy selfsufficient, meaning they can accommodate themselves
with their own power needs.
7. In emergency situations such as being cut off the grid,
people can rely on wind energy as a sufficient energy
source even if temporarily.
5.
[19] “Wind Energy Pros and Cons”, Energy Informative, 6/21/2011.
Advantages (cont.)
8. The price of wind energy has decreased considerably
according to some sources as much as 60% since the
1980’s. Prices are presumed to drop even further with
greater demand and improved technology.
9. Wind energy gives people the capability to save money on
their electricity bill.
[19] “Wind Energy Pros and Cons”, Energy Informative, 6/21/2011.
Disadvantages
with Technical Solutions
The availability of wind energy is fluctuating and wind is
unpredictable. The solution for this is back-up
generation.
2. It is debatable that wind turbines are not cost effective,
but the price has dropped 60 percent since the 1980’s. The
technical solution is that wind turbine technology is
consistently improving and this will help the price
decrease further.
1.
Disadvantages
with Technical Solutions (cont.)
Wind turbines are said to be noisy, however the solution
is that wind farm technology has developed over the past
decade and is still developing by reducing the
mechanical noise from turbines to almost inaudible.
4. Wind turbines kill birds, but statistics show that turbines
kill comparatively less birds than other man-made
structures. The technical solution to have less bird deaths
is that turbine structure has and is being tweaked to
where birds are less likely to perch on them or collide
with them.
3.
Man-made structure/technology
Associated bird deaths per year (U.S.)
Domestic cats
At least 10 million
Buildings
550 million
Power lines
130 million
Automobiles
80 million
Pesticides
67 million
Radio and cell towers
4.5 million
Wind turbines
108,000
Comparative Bird Deaths Per Year
[20] “Rhetoric vs. Reality: Wind Energy and Birds”, American Wind Energy Association, 3/1/2011.
Disadvantages
with Technical Solutions (cont.)
5.
Bad weather damages turbines and repair costs are lofty,
yet inevitably this can be said about most man-made
structures. The solution to this is back-up generation and
proper weather analysis of the proposed area for the wind
farm.
Economics
 There are many variables that affect the economics of a
wind project, but average price ranges for different size
wind turbines help us with a general idea of costs.
 The majority of commercial scale turbines installed today
are 2 megawatts in size and cost around $3.5 million
installed.
 For residential scale and smaller wind farm turbines, the
cost decreases significantly.
 Turbines that are less than 100 kilowatts cost approximately
$3,000 to $5,000 per kilowatt of capacity.
[21] “How much do wind turbines cost?”, Windustry.
Economics (cont.)
 This indicates that a 10 kilowatt turbine, which is the size
required to power an average home, could feasibly cost
$35,000 to $50,000.21
System Size
Capital or up-front
cost
Annual energy
production
Payback using all
farm power needs
10 kW
$32,000
20,000-28,000 kWh
18-27 years
50 kW
$130,000
100,000-150,000 kWh 12-18 years
225 kW
$325,000
660-750 kW
425,000-600,000
9-13 years
kWh
$800,000-$900,000
1,500,000-2,300,000 6-8 years
kWh
Costs and payback of typical wind turbines22
[21] “How much do wind turbines cost?”, Windustry.
[22] “Farming the Wind: Wind Power and Agriculture”, Union of Concerned Scientists.
Geographical Conditions
 Areas of high elevation, such as plateaus, hills, and bluffs,
usually have higher wind speeds because less surface
friction is encountered.
 The greater the roughness of the surface of an area, the
much more deficient the wind speed will be because more
friction and turbulence are produced.
High Velocity
Turbulence
[23] “Wind & Wind Power”, Iowa Energy Center.
Geographical Conditions (cont.)
 Valleys, for the most part, provide lower wind speeds but
when located parallel to the wind flow, valleys may
increase and channel the wind resource.
 Large bodies of water are quite advantageous for wind site
locations for two different reasons.
 First is that wind over water flows more smoothly because
of less surface friction; and second, when regional winds
are light, local winds (sea or lake breezes) occur because
the water and land surfaces heat up at different paces.
[23] “Wind & Wind Power”, Iowa Energy Center.
Offshore Capabilities in Louisiana
 Unfortunately, Louisiana has basically no realistic chance
for utilizing onshore wind energy, but recent studies show
that Louisiana has a strong viability for the usage of
offshore wind energy.
 Cristina Archer and Mark Jacobson, researchers at Stanford
University’s Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, conducted a study and found potential
locations for offshore wind farms in Louisiana.
 The researchers examined areas with the availability of
public weather data using a scale of up to class 7 to rank
potential wind power sites.
[24] Bethel, Amber, “Researchers find surprise wind power in Louisiana”, AllBusiness, New Orleans CityBusiness.
Offshore Capabilities in LA (cont.)
 With class 3 being regarded as a site worth investing in and
class 7 being the highest obtainable rank, four out of six
coastal and offshore stations in Louisiana were ranked in
class 7 (hurricane winds were filtered out of the averages).
 The location of the sites include two near the coastline and
two farther offshore, but all four have a high feasibility of
being utilized.24
 The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
conducted a study in 2004 to evaluate existing wind speeds
in the Gulf of Mexico.25
[24] Bethel, Amber, “Researchers find surprise wind power in Louisiana”, AllBusiness, New Orleans CityBusiness.
[25] “History and Recent Developments in Louisiana Wind Energy”, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 2/22/2005.
Offshore Capabilities in LA (cont.)
 The study showed that, generally, class 3 wind resource is
found near the coast of Louisiana and in areas west of the
Mississippi River, where wind power sites would
conceivably be located, Louisiana provides a high class 3 to
low class 4 wind resource.
 The study updated previous wind speed data and gave
further reason for researchers to pursue offshore wind
power in Louisiana.
[25] “History and Recent Developments in Louisiana Wind Energy”, Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 2/22/2005.
[26] http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/images/windmaps/la_90m_offshore.jpg
Potential Impact
 Economically, wind energy would bring an increase in
employment and would help to involve local businesses for
construction and operations in wind installation.
 Environmentally, wind power could displace power from
fossil fuel-powered plants and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
 This would improve the local air quality in Louisiana and
make it a better, healthier place to live.
 The people would also benefit from wind energy by not
only having a better economy and healthier place to live
but also by having a reduced electricity bill.
Potential Impact (cont.)
 Lastly, wind energy can help Louisiana benefit in the area
of research.
 At different schools and universities, such as the University
of Louisiana at Lafayette, wind energy is becoming an area
of interest for research.
 It is opening up opportunities for professors and students
to help aid the community in the knowledge of wind
energy and to hopefully help start the first wind project in
Louisiana.
Conclusion
 With the development of wind energy in countries such as
China, the United States, and Germany each year, one can
see that the industry is still growing and prospering and
therefore causing other countries to join in the utilization
of wind energy.
 This green energy source provides more jobs and cleaner
air, making it a worthwhile choice of energy.
 Although the United States has expanded its onshore
energy, the U.S. still has not developed offshore wind
energy.
Conclusion (cont.)
 With neither onshore nor offshore wind energy installed
currently, Louisiana could bridge the gap between the
United States and offshore wind energy.
 This would create a new market for Louisiana and for the
United States and give Louisiana an opportunity to join the
rest of the world in the advancement of wind energy.
Reference
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
“Wind Power”, Energy Sources, 8/26/2011,
<http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/wind.htm>.
“Wind Energy Basics”, Wind Energy Development Programmatic EIS,
<http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/basics/index.cfm>.
http://www.creativeenergyengineering.com/renewables_integration.html
“Record year for wind energy: Global wind power market increased by 40.5% in 2005”,
Press Release of Global Wind Energy Council, 2/17/2006.
“World Wind Energy Report 2010”, World Wind Energy Association, February 2011.
“China revises up 2015 renewable energy goals: report”, Reuters, 8/29/2011.
Böhme, Dieter, “Renewable energy sources 2010”, Erneuerbare Energien, Federal
Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. 3/23/2011.
“72,6 Gigawatts Worldwide”, Wind Energy Barometer, February 2007.
http://mygermantravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/German-Wind-PowerMap1.png
“Offshore Wind Booming in Europe”, Renewable Energy World, 1/20/2011.
Harvey, Fiona, “UK sails ahead in offshore wind power generation”, The Guardian.
7/27/2011.
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
“Industry Statistics”, American Wind Energy Association, 8/4/2011.
“AWEA: U.S. Wind Power Surmounted Challenges In 2010”, North American
Windpower. 1/3/2010.
“U.S. Wind Industry Second Quarter Market Report”, American Wind Energy
Association (AWEA), August 2011.
“E.ON Delivers 335-MW of Wind in Texas”, Renewable Energy World, 9/23/2008.
Madsen & Krogsgaard, “Offshore Wind Power 2010”, BTM Consult, 11/22/2010.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/vattenfall/3581236645/sizes/l/in/photostream/
“Offshore Wind Farms – List of the Major Offshore Wind Projects and Future Wind
Plants”, Green World Investor. 4/18/2011.
“Wind Energy Pros and Cons”, Energy Informative, 6/21/2011.
“Rhetoric vs. Reality: Wind Energy and Birds”, American Wind Energy Association,
3/1/2011.
“How much do wind turbines cost?”, Windustry.
“Farming the Wind: Wind Power and Agriculture”, Union of Concerned Scientists.
“Wind & Wind Power”, Iowa Energy Center.
Bethel, Amber, “Researchers find surprise wind power in Louisiana”, AllBusiness, New
Orleans CityBusiness.
“History and Recent Developments in Louisiana Wind Energy”, Louisiana Department
of Natural Resources, 2/22/2005.
http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/images/windmaps/la_90m_offshore.jpg