Transcript Personality Typing

Paging Dr. Who?
Personality Typing
Dr. June Harris
Director of MedCAREERS
Memorial University of Newfoundland
21 November 2013
Topics
•
•
•
•
•
Historical Overview
Personality Types
Interactive Activities
Personality & Specialty Choice
Implications for Interactions
Sources:
o Please Understand Me II…Keirsey
o Literature Review
o CelebrityTypes.com
o Personality Test Center (online)
Historical Overview
Ancient Greeks – Horoscopes (2000 BC)
4 Elements; 12 Signs
Fire (Aries, Leo & Sagittarius)
Earth (Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn)
Air (Gemini, Libra, & Aquarius)
Water (Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces)
Early Greeks and Romans (Hippocrates, Galen, Plato, Aristotle)
determined that it wasn’t the sun, moon and stars that determined
what we want and what we do.
We are predisposed to develop into one of 4 different configurations of
attitudes and actions.
Keirsey Temperaments
“The Colours”
Hippocrates – Humors Theory (370 BC)
• Black Bile – sensible, material, somber
(Guardian - security) Gold for stability
• Blood – optimistic, eager, enthusiastic
(Artisan - sensation) Red for passion
• Yellow Bile – spiritual, kind, ethical
(Idealist - identity) Green for growth
• Phlegm – stoic, calm, undemonstrative
(Rational - knowledge) Blue for calm
Plato – Utopia (340 BC)
• Pistic – Caretaker
(Guardian - security)
• Iconic – Art maker
(Artisan - sensation)
• Noetic – Moral person
(Idealist - identity)
• Dianoetic - Logical designer
of systems
(Rational - knowledge)
Aristotle – Happiness (320 BC)
• Propraietari – acquiring assets
(Guardian - security)
• Hedone – sensual pleasure
(Artisan - sensation)
• Ethokos – exercising moral virtue
(Idealist - identity)
• Dialogike – logical investigation
(Rational - knowledge)
1st – 19th Century
PostChristianity
Personality Typing
regarded as
superstition
Renaissance
(14th-17th Century)
‘Types’ in literature:
Shakespeare,
Austen, Tolstoy
18th – 19th
Century
Emerged again in
philosophy &
psychology
Books / Films – one example
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Home
Dorothy
Guardian – security
Brain
Scarecrow
Rational – knowledge
Courage
Lion
Idealist – identity
Heart
Tin Woodman Artisan – sensation
Guardian – security Idealist – identity
Artisan – sensation
Rational – knowledge
20th Century
Difficult for ‘personality theory’ to survive around Freud, Skinner, Pavlov
Carl
Jung
1920
Jung disagreed with
behaviourists and
described 8 personality
types using functions –
S-N, T-F, E-I
Myers
Briggs
1940s
Myers & Briggs
added J-P and
described 16 types
David
Keirsey
1978
Keirsey combined
functions differently
and described
4 temperaments and
16 types
MBTI or KTS-II: The Letters
ASPECT
TECHNICAL
TERMS
Communication
Style
(E)
Extraversion
Preferred Way of
Gathering Info
(S)
Sensing
Decision-Making
Style
(T)
Thinking
Management
Style
(J)
Judging
MEANING
TECHNICAL
TERMS
vs
Expressive
vs
Observant
vs
Tough-Minded
vs
Scheduled
MEANING
(I)
Introversion
Attentive
(N)
Intuition
Introspective
(F)
Feeling
Friendly
(P)
Perceiving
Probing
Communication: How and where do you get your energy?
Communication: How and where do you get your energy?
Extraverts (E)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Like to be around people a lot
Talk more than listen
Have high energy
Think out loud
Act, then think
Prefer a public role
Introverts (I)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Feel comfortable being alone
Listen more than talk
Have quiet energy
Think quietly inside their heads
Think, then act
Prefer to work “behind the
scenes”
Gathering Info: To what type of information do you pay attention?
The
Big
fact
fact
fact
fact
Picture
Gathering Info: To what type of information do you pay attention?
Sensors (S)
iNtuitives (N)
fact
fact
fact
The
Big
Picture
1) Focus on details and
specifics
2) Like step-by-step instructions
3) Admire practical solutions
4) Notice details and remember
facts
5) See what is
6) Live in the ‘here and now’
7) Trust actual experience
8) Like to use established skills
1) Focus on the big picture and
possibilities
2) Like to figure things out
3) Admire creative ideas
4) Notice anything new or
different
5) See what could be
6) Think about future implications
7) Trust their gut instincts
8) Prefer to learn new skills
Decisions: How do you make decisions or reach conclusions?
Decisions: How do you make decisions or reach conclusions?
Feelers
Thinkers
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Make decisions objectively
Are honest and direct
Are motivated by achievement
Appear cool and reserved
Value honesty and fairness
Take few things personally
Are good at seeing flaws
Argue or debate issues for fun!
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Decide based on values/feelings
Are diplomatic and tactful
Are motivated by appreciation
Appear warm and friendly
Value harmony and compassion
Take many things personally
Are quick to compliment others
Avoid arguments and conflicts
Management Style: What kind of environment makes you
the most comfortable?
Management Style: What kind of environment makes you
the most comfortable?
Judgers
1) Like to have things settled
2) Pay attention to time and
are usually prompt
3) Find comfort in schedules
4) Take responsibility seriously
5) Prefer to finish projects
6) Work first, play later
7) Seek closure
8) See the need for most rules
Perceivers
1) Like to keep options open
2) Less aware of time and may run
late
3) Want freedom to be spontaneous
4) Playful and casual
5) Prefer to start projects
6) Play first, work later
7) May have difficulty making decisions
8) Question the need for many rules
PERSONALITY TYPE
Activity
Please go to www.keirsey.com
to complete the KTS-II.
Click on this icon in the top right-hand corner:
Letter Distribution
%
E
I
S
N
General Canadian
Population* (incl Fr)
Canadian
Med Students
52 (53)
48 (47)
55
45
68
55 (55)
45 (45)
32
28
F
57 (57)
43 (43)
J
56 (55)
72
76
P
44 (45)
24
T
*Data from Psychometrics Canada, 2008
Harris, McKay, 2003-12
The 4 Temperaments:
• not simply arbitrary collections of characteristics
• arise from an interaction of the two basic dimensions
of human behaviour:
• our communication (our words) – what we say
• our action (our deeds) – what we do
Temperaments (4)
GUARDIAN
(SJ)
ARTISAN
(SP)
IDEALIST
(NF)
RATIONAL
(NT)
Security Seeking
Sensation Seeking
Identity Seeking
Knowledge Seeking
Supervisor
Promoter
Teacher
Fieldmarshall
(ESTJ)
(ESTP)
(ENFJ)
(ENTJ)
Inspector
Crafter
Counsellor
Mastermind
(ISTJ)
(ISTP)
(INFJ)
(INTJ)
Provider
Performer
Champion
Inventor
(ESFJ)
(ESFP)
(ENFP)
(ENTP)
Protector
Composer
Healer
Architect
(ISFJ)
(ISFP)
(INFP)
(INTP)
Temperaments (4) & Character Types (16)
GUARDIAN
(SJ)
ARTISAN
(SP)
IDEALIST
(NF)
RATIONAL
(NT)
Security Seeking
Sensation Seeking
Identity Seeking
Knowledge Seeking
Supervisor
Promoter
Teacher
Fieldmarshall
(ESTJ)
(ESTP)
(ENFJ)
(ENTJ)
Inspector
Crafter
Counsellor
Mastermind
(ISTJ)
(ISTP)
(INFJ)
(INTJ)
Provider
Performer
Champion
Inventor
(ESFJ)
(ESFP)
(ENFP)
(ENTP)
Protector
Composer
Healer
Architect
(ISFJ)
(ISFP)
(INFP)
(INTP)
Characteristics
Tendency
Focus
Mother Teresa
Madonna
GUARDIAN
(SJ)
ARTISAN
(SP)
IDEALIST
(NF)
RATIONAL
(NT)
Dutiful
Fun-loving
Giving
Practical
Humble
Optimistic
Trusting
Skeptical
Cautious
Realistic
Spiritual
Self-contained
Credentials
Here & now
Personal
journey
Problemsolving
Human
potential
Systems
analysis
Tradition
Pride
themselves
on
Ghandi
Bill Gates
Dependable
Bold
Loving
Ingenious
Helpful
Spontaneous
Kind
Independent
Hard-working
Unconventional
Authentic
Strong-willed
Mother Teresa
Madonna
GUARDIAN
(SJ)
ARTISAN
(SP)
IDEALIST
(NF)
RATIONAL
(NT)
Trust
Authority
Impulses
Intuition
Logic
Seek
Security
Stimulation
True self
Knowledge
Prize
Gratitude
Freedom
Meaningful
relationships
Technology
Dream of
Meting out
justice
Mastering
action skills
Attaining
wisdom
Understanding
how world
works
Characteristics
Ghandi
Bill Gates
Guardians (SJ)
Famous Guardians:
Larry King; Shania Twain (ESFJ)
Dr. Phil; Martha Stewart (ESTJ)
Prince Charles; Mother Teresa (ISFJ)
Richard Nixon; Queen Elizabeth II (ISTJ)
• speak mostly of their duties and responsibilities
• speak of what they can keep an eye on and take good
care of
• are careful to obey the laws and follow the rules
• respect the rights of others
Artisans (SP)
Famous Artisans:
Hugh Hefner; Pink (ESFP)
Donald Trump; Angelina Joli; Madonna (ESTP)
Brad Pitt; Jackie Kennedy Onassis; Michael Jackson (ISFP)
Simon Cowell; Julia Roberts (ISTP)
• speak mostly about what they see right in front of them
• speak about what they can get their hands on
• will do whatever works, whatever gives them a quick,
effective payoff, even if they have to bend the rules
Idealists (NF)
Famous Idealists:
Nelson Mandela; Oprah (ENFJ)
Gadafi; Robin Williams; Ellen DeGeneres (ENFP)
Osama bin Laden; Florence Nightingale; Mohatma Ghandi (INFJ)
John Lennon; Princess Diana (INFP)
• speak mostly of what they hope for
• imagine what might be possible
• want to act in good conscience
• always trying to reach their goals without
compromising their personal code of ethics
Rationals (NT)
Famous Rationals:
Napoleon; Margaret Thatcher; Bill Gates (ENTJ)
Mark Twain; Celine Dion (ENTP)
Isaac Newton; Jodie Foster (INTJ)
Albert Einstein; Marie Curie; Tina Fey (INTP)
• speak mostly of what new problems intrigue them
• speak of what new solutions they envision
• always pragmatic, they act as efficiently as
possible to achieve their objectives
• ignore arbitrary rules and conventions if need be
Guardian (SJ)
Supervisor (ESTJ)
Michelle Obama
US First Lady
“What we need right now [is] leadership; we need
people with judgment; we need decent people,
people with common sense, people with strong
family values.”
•
•
•
•
•
started "Let's Move!“ to reverse childhood obesity
supports military families
helps working women balance career and family
encourages national service
promotes the arts and arts education
Artisan (SP)
Performer (ESFP)
Bill Clinton
Former US President
"I am at root not intellectual [and] not
conceptual.“
Attended law school
Wrote 4 books
Plays saxophone
Sexual misconduct allegations
Idealist (NF)
Teacher (ENFJ)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
U.S. civil rights activist
"[We must create a] society that will help men
rise from the dark depths of prejudice and
racism to the majestic heights of understanding
and brotherhood.“
• Led the city-wide bus boycott (Rosa Parks)
• Founded (with other civil rights activists) the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC) to harness the moral authority and
organizing power of black churches
• March on Washington and “I Have A Dream”
speech influenced public opinion and resulted
in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Rational (NT)
Mastermind (INTJ)
Barack Obama
U.S. President (D)
"[As an adolescent I was] arguing all the time,
usually about me failing to abide by ... petty and
arbitrary rules. I found that I could generally win
these arguments.“
“To ensure prosperity here at home and peace
abroad, we all share the belief we have to maintain
the strongest military on the planet.”
• Ended war in Iraq
• Eliminated Osama bin Laden
• Turned around U.S. auto industry
Rational (NT)
Crafter (ENTP)
Steve Jobs
Co-founder and CEO of Apple
"I say when something sucks rather than
sugarcoat it.“
"One of my mantras - focus and simplicity.“
He saw the potential of what Pixar could
be - beyond what anyone ever imagined.
He took a chance on Pixar and believed in
their dream of making computer-animated
films.
Guardian (SJ)
Provider (ESFJ)
Sarah Palin
U.S. Governor and vice presidential candidate (R)
"Women are rising up [in rejection of Obama’s
policies] because moms just know when
something is wrong.“
• opposes same-sex marriage, abortion, and
embryonic stem cell research
• supports sex education in public schools that
encourage abstinence and teach contraception
• a life member of the National Rifle Assoc and
supports gun safety education for youth
Idealist (NF)
Counsellor (INFJ)
Adolf Hitler
Dictator of Nazi Germany
"I do not know what horrified me most [during
the depression]: the economic misery of my
companions [or] their moral and ethical
coarseness."
• Decorated for bravery in 1914
• Wrote Mein Kampf (‘My Struggle’)
• Policies triggered WWII and the Holocaust
• Committed suicide
Guardian (SJ)
Protector (ISFJ)
Kate Middleton
Duchess of York, married to Prince William
"I really hope I can make a difference, even in
the smallest way. I am looking forward to
helping as much as I can."
Artisan (SP)
Promoter (ESTP)
Taylor Swift
Singer-songwriter
"I don't live by ... rigid ... rules that make
me feel all fenced in. I just live the way that
I feel like, and that makes me feel very
free."
Career Implications
What specialty is right for you?
Remember these Caveats
1. Your personality type is stable over time.
2. All personality types are found in all
specialties.
3. More than one medical specialty fits the
personality of any particular medical student.
What if you don’t ‘fit’?
1. You may feel like an outsider, misunderstood,
stressed and unrewarded.
2. You bring a unique view and set of skills and
possibly a constructive/innovative approach.
3. You can find a field within a specialty that is a
good ‘fit’ for you.
Specialty Counselling
1. Personality Type is just one other factor to
consider when choosing a specialty.
2. Self-analysis enables narrowing of specialties
(e.g., medical vs surgical).
3. Use Specialty Night, Residents Night, Physician
Shadowing, Canadian Specialty Profiles to investigate
specialties and see if you ‘fit’.
Canadian Specialty Profiles
http://www.cma.ca/becoming-a-physician
Literature Review
Surgeons
Surgeons
Outgoing [Mowbray/Davies, 1971]
Domineering [Coombs, 1978]
Extraverted [Myers/Davis, 1976; Stilwell et al, 2000]
They are athletic and social and want to work with their hands.
SP (Artisans) [Wallick et al, 1999]
NOTE:
Gen, Ortho, Ob/Gyn (straightforward problems, technical skills) – S
Neurosurg, Plastics, Thoracic (complex problems) – N
[McCaulley, 1978]
Psychiatrists
Psychiatrists
More interested in people than things
[Mowbray/Davies,1971]
Empathetic, friendly & altruistic [Taylor, 1993]
They may be more willing to help the plight of others.
NF (Idealists)
[According to CAPT]
Family Physicians
Pediatricians
Family Physicians; Pediatricians
Generous, warm-hearted & friendly
[Coombs, 1978]
FP: Introverts may more easily interact with patients.
Ped: Extraverts are more expressive and high energy.
SJ (Guardians) [Myers/Davis, 1976; Wallick et al, 1999]
NF (Idealists) [Freidman/Slatt, 1988;Taylor et al, 1990]
Confirmed by CAPT
Anesthesiologists
Anesthesiologists
Determination for learning, studying, reading and writing
Detail-oriented
They have an acute watchfulness (S) and an introvert’s
capacity to concentrate for long periods of time.
SJ (Guardians) [Wallick et al, 1999]
SP (Artisans) [Myers/Davis, 1976]
Radiologists
Pathologists
Radiologists; Pathologists
They may be detached intellectuals who can cope with lifeand-death situations without seeing a patient face-to-face.
They have the ability to be attentive to every detail.
NT (Rationals) [Myers/Davis, 1976]
SJ (Guardians) [According to CAPT]
Obstetrics/Gynecology
Obstetrics/Gynecology
They must be compassionate and kind in order to establish a
rapport with their patients.
May not be as empathetic, friendly or altruistic as other
specialists.
SJ (Guardians) [Friedman & Slatt, 1988]
Personality & CaRMS Match – Harris & McKay (Preliminary Results)
Guardian (SJ) – 55% and Idealist (NF) – 26%
•
Guardians (SJ) are majority in every specialty except:
 Psychiatry (NF)
 Community Medicine (NF)
•
Guardians (SJ) are most likely to do (highest percentages):
 Diagnostic Radiology / Nuclear Medicine
 Orthopedics
 Obstetrics/Gynecology
Personality & CaRMS Match – Harris & McKay (Preliminary Results)
Idealist (NF) – 26%
•
Idealists (NF) are majority in:
 Psychiatry
 Community Medicine
Also large percentages in:
RadOnc, Family, Pediatrics, Neurology, Physiatry
• Idealists (NF) rank 2nd in all other specialties except:
 Orthopedics (SJ then SP)
 ENT (SJ then SP)
 Neurosurgery (SJ then NT)
•
Idealists (NF) are least likely to do (lowest percentages):
Ortho, ENT, Neurosurg, (plus Urology and Dx Rad)
Personality & CaRMS Match – Harris & McKay (Preliminary Results)
Artisan (SP) – 13%
•
Artisans (SP) rank below SJ and NF in all specialties except:
 Orthopedics ((2nd highest – after SJ)
 ENT (2nd highest – after SJ)
•
Artisans (SP) are most likely to do (highest percentages):
 Physiatry
followed by:
 Orthopedics
 ENT
 Ophthalmology
 Emergency
•
Artisans (SP) are least likely to do (lowest percentages):
 Pathology
 Dermatology
 Neurology
Personality & CaRMS Match – Harris & McKay (Preliminary Results)
Rational (NT) – 6%
•
Rationals (NT) rank below SJ and NF in all specialties except one:
 Neurosurgery (2nd highest – after SJ)
Next largest percentages in:



•
Pathology
Neurology
Dermatology
Rationals (NT) are least likely to do (lowest percentages):
 Community Medicine
 Physiatry
 Radiation Oncology
Implications
for Interactions
Colleagues
Other
Professionals
Patients
YOU
Friends
Family
Getting along…
“The most important single ingredient in the formula for success is knowing
how to get along with people ......." – Theodore Roosevelt
Considerations
•
You will work, play and live with people who have
personality types that are different from your own.
•
Accept people for who they are, don’t try to change them
but “work with them”.
•
Learning about personality types can help you interact
more effectively with others.


Know your own personality type
Observe others for clues to their personality type
NOTE: Easy to do on paper but harder in real life!!
Working with People:
Project Time Management
Problem-Solving
Conflict Resolution
http://www.personalitytest.net/types/team.htm
Communication:
Extraverts (talkers) vs Introverts (listeners)
*Improving communication can help in many situations.

Extraverts: Stop and listen!
Avoid the temptation to jump in every time there is a pause.
Need to make an effort to listen.

Introverts: Don't think, speak!
Need to avoid their tendency to filter everything they say.
Sometimes spontaneity is required; difficult but imperative
http://www.personalitytest.net/types/team.htm
Gathering Information:
Sensing (details) vs iNtuition (big picture)
*Team work often benefits from both.
Sensors: Look beyond the facts!
Need to occasionally consider extenuating circumstances.
Push for clarity!
Have a natural ability to express problems in simple terms.

iNtuitives: Stick to the issues!
Want to look at the big picture (but a bit of focus goes a long way).
“…make lemonade!”
Find creative solutions (when everyone else sees only doom and gloom).
http://www.personalitytest.net/types/team.htm
Decision-Making:
Thinker (objective) vs Feeler (subjective)
*Both types are afraid of losing control.
Ts want Fs to look at the evidence and not personalize everything.
Fs want Ts to consider the feelings of all those involved.
Ts lose control if an issue becomes personal and they appear to
be personally affected.
Fs lose control if they say something during a heated discussion
that will cause irreparable harm to an interpersonal
relationship.
http://www.personalitytest.net/types/team.htm
Decision-Making:
Thinker (objective) vs Feeler (subjective)
 Thinkers: Help keep things in perspective!
Outline the cold, hard consequences of each alternative.
Help the group see if it has become too attached to a problem.
 Feelers: Keep it personal, but be firm!
Clearly define the personal consequences of every alternative.
Ensure all have a chance to express their ideas.
http://www.personalitytest.net/types/team.htm
Management Style:
Primarily a J/P issue and the Js win.
Js perceive a hour as sixty minutes.
Ps perceive time as what you make of it.
When working together:
Js must be flexible in realizing "an hour meeting" might
sometimes mean 90 minutes.
Ps must realize that they sometimes must stick to a timeexact schedule.
In groups:
Js help Ps complete a project in a realistic time frame.
Ps help Js stay open to creative solutions.
Js need Ps to help them avoid being overly rigid and compulsive.
http://www.personalitytest.net/types/team.htm
Management Style:
Judging (plan) vs Perceiving (spontaneous, probing)
* These can be complementary in having a job well done.
 Judgers: Keep the group focused!
…….. on solving the problem.
Can ensure that whatever solution is reached can be implemented
in a timely and efficient manner.
Don't be a ‘know-it-all’!
Should learn to entertain viewpoints other than their own.
 Perceivers: Keep the group's options open…but pick a side!
Able to see all sides of an argument; can be counterproductive.
Should learn to defend the position about which they feel most
strongly.
http://www.personalitytest.net/types/team.htm
Thank-you
for participating!!