Transcript Track 3: Green Transport

Track 3: Green Transport
Green Logistics
Nakul Sathaye
Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation
Mike Chester
UC Berkeley Center for Future Urban Transport
Volvo Center for Excellence Workshop
July 24, 2006
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Outline
• Green Logistics
– Externalities of Freight Transportation
– Methodology
– Organization of Options
• Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation
– Problem Statement
– Methodology
– Application
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Green Logistics
Externalities of Freight Transportation
Economic Impacts
1.Traffic Congestion
2. Resource waste
Ecological Impacts:
1. Greenhouse Gases Cause Climate Change
2. The use of non-renewable fossil fuel
3. The effects of waste products such as tires and oil
4. Ecosystem destruction and species extinction
Social Impacts:
1. Negative public health impacts of pollution
2. Crop destruction
3. Injuries and deaths resulting from traffic accidents
4. Noise
5. Visual intrusion
6. Congestion deterring passenger travel
7. Loss of Greenfield sites and open spaces
8. Deterioration of Buildings/Infrastructure
Adapted from UK Roundtable on Sustainable Development (1996)
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Green Logistics
Freight Emissions in Metropolitan Areas
Regional Freight Emissions % of all Sources
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
NOx
PM-10
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Chicago
Dallas-Ft.
Worth
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
Regional Freight Emissions (% of Mobile Sources)
60%
Ang-Olson and Ostria (2005): Assessing the
Effects of Freight Movement on Air Quality at
the National and Regional Level: Final Report
50%
40%
NOx
PM-10
30%
20%
10%
0%
Chicago
Dallas-Ft.
Worth
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
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Green Logistics
Modal Considerations
Modal split of freight transport volume in Europe
Mode split for overall freight transportation by
tonnage in the U.S. in 2001
Ang-Olson and Ostria (2005): Assessing the Effects of Freight Movement
on Air Quality at the National and Regional Level: Final Report
European Environment Agency (2006): Transport
and Environment Facing A DIllema
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Green Logistics
Methodology
Transportation and
Environmental
Economic Theory
Assessment of
Environmental
Externalities
Current Green
Logistics Schemes
Green Logistics
Methods
Impact Analysis
(Case Studies)
Logistics Optimization Methods
-Facility Location
-Routing
-Scheduling and Management
•Air Quality
Considerations
•Logistics Companies
•Implementation
Costs
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Green Logistics
Organization of Options
Social & Economic
Activities
Optimize logistics
Logistic
Activities
Emissions
Reduce emissions
Negative
Impacts
Reduce exposure
Technological and Policy Options
Nakul Sathaye, Yuwei Li, Arpad Horvath and Samer Madanat (2006):
The Environmental Impacts of Logistics Systems and Options for Mitigation
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Effect on Externalities
I. Impact Considerations
II. Emissions Reduction
III. Affecting Operations
IV. Economic and Societal
Development
Considerations
Application Types
Options/Considerations
A. Impact Assessment
1. Exposure Metrics
B. Policies and Projects
1. Diversion based on location
2. Diversion based on timing
A. Industry Practices
1. Employee Training
2. Equipment Condition
B. Technologies
1. Fuel Efficiency
3. Combustion Improvements
C. Government Policies
1. Vehicle Standards
2. Fuel Standards
A. Technologies
1. Intelligent Routing Systems
3. Online B2B Coordination
B. Operations
1. Vehicle Utilization
2. Intermodal Options
C. Public Projects
1. Terminals
2. Pavement Characteristics
D. Government Policies
1. Load Factor Requirements
3. Zonal Designations
5. Taxation
A. Demand
1. Goods Characteristics
2. Geography
3. Cultural
2. Fuel Changes
4. Post-Combustion Controls
2. Real-Time Traffic Information
2. Weight Regulations
4. Temporal Restrictions
6. Market Creation
Table 11 in Nakul Sathaye, Yuwei Li, Arpad Horvath and Samer Madanat (2006):
The Environmental Impacts of Logistics Systems and Options for Mitigation
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Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation
Problem Statement
• Transportation emissions are typically evaluated from
the vehicle tail-pipe
– Vehicle life-cycle is ignored
(i.e. manufacturing and disposal)
– Mode and fuel infrastructure is ignored
• Policy is created and decisions are made based on
tail-pipe emissions
– e.g. CAFE standards
• A thorough understanding of human health and
environmental impacts requires knowledge of
emissions from the mode’s life-cycle
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Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation
Methodology
• A life-cycle emissions inventory will
be created
– Modes: automobile, bus, heavy rail,
and light rail
– For each mode: inputs and outputs
from infrastructure, vehicle, and fuels
• Hybrid LCA
I
V
F
Design
Production
Use
X
End-of-Life
I=Infrastructure, V=Vehicle,
F=Fuels
– Combines the positive aspects of
process based LCA and economic
input-output based LCA
– Goes beyond vehicle tail-pipe;
quantifies effects in the supply chain
ProcessBased
Product
EIO
 Supply Chain
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Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation
Emissions Inventory
• Energy Inputs
– Electricity and fuel use
• Emissions Outputs
– Criteria air pollutants (SO2, CO, NOX, VOC, Pb, PM10)
– Greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, N2O)
• Quantification and location of inputs/outputs in the
supply chain:
– Improve decision-making processes
– Applicability of abatement technologies
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Life-Cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation
Inventory Application
• Comparison of two major U.S.
cities with different modal shares
– New York and Los Angeles
• Application of life-cycle inventory
to existing transportation models
to understand full effects
Image Source: Google Maps, http://maps.google.com/, Accessed 7/11/2006
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