Transcript Document

Sergiy Martinyuk
Yaroslav Tkachuk
Yaroslav Mudrevskiy
Vadim Zakharchenko
Bohdan Samulyak
Yevgen Kostyuk
Vadim Vityuk
Kostyantin Yablonskiy
Total area is 269,000 square kilometres
New Zealand consists of two main islands
(North Island and South Island)
Nearly 3.5 million people live in the country.
The capital of New Zealand is Wellington.
It is a financial centre too.
The city was founded in 1840 and has
been the capital since 1865.
The official language is English.
The climate of New Zealand is moist.
New Zealand is rich in minerals.
There are some major industries in the country,
for example, iron and steel industry.
The country has gas and petroleum.
Kiwi is
native
animal in
the country
Highest is Mount Cook
(3,764 metres or
12,349 feet).
New Zealand Seasons
New Zealand does not have a large temperature range,
lacking the extremes found in most continental climates.
However, New Zealand weather can change
unexpectedly—as cold fronts or tropical cyclones quickly
blow in. Because of this, you should be prepared for
sudden changes in weather and temperature if you're
going hiking or doing other outdoor activities.
Spring - September,
October, November
Summer - December,
January, February
Autumn - March, April, May
Winter - June, July, August
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy
with a parliamentary democracy. Queen
Elizabeth II is the head of state and she is
represented by the Governor-General. The
Governor-General also chairs the Executive
Council, which is a formal committee
consisting of all ministers of the Crown.
Members of the Executive Council are
required to be Members of Parliament, and
most are also in Cabinet.
The New Zealand Parliament has only one
chamber, the House of Representatives,
which usually seats 120 Members of
Parliament.
New Zealand has 12 regional councils. The territorial
authorities are 16 city councils, 57 district councils, and
the Chatham Islands Council. Four of the territorial
councils (one city and three districts) and the Chatham
Islands The regions are (asterisks denote unitary
authorities): Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of
Plenty, Gisborne*, Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, ManawatuWanganui, Wellington, Marlborough*, Nelson*,
Tasman*, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, Southland,
Chatham Islands*.
The New Zealand Flag is the symbol of the realm
government and people of New Zealand. Its royal blue
background is reminiscent of the blue sea and clear sky
surrounding us. The stars of the Southern Cross
emphasise this country's location in the South Pacific
Ocean. The Union Flag gives recognition to our historical
foundations and the fact that New Zealand was once a
British colony and dominion.
Coat of arms consists of quartered shield.
Shield is supported by two figures, a blonde
woman of European descent holding the
New Zealand flag, and a Māori warrior
holding a taiaha (Māori ceremonial spear).
The shield is topped with the St Edward's
Crown, and beneath the shield are two
silver fern leaves and a scroll bearing the
words "New Zealand".
Kiwi - the small species of flightless birds form an invariable part of New
Zealand's identity known as kiwi. Different scientific variations have been
observed on the behavior of this species of birds after lots of research work.
They also form an important part of rich traditional customs of New Zealand
where nature is worshipped and apprehended as great gift of God.
Population
New Zealand's population of around 3,5 million is comprised of 78.3%
New Zealand Pakeha, 13% New Zealand Maori and 5% Pacific Island
Polynesian, while 1.3% are Chinese, 0.9% are I ndian and 1.5% are
'Other'. Europeans are the only group declining, percentage-wise, while
Maori, Polynesian, Chinese, Indian and 'Other' peoples are on the rise.
Over 80% of the 3.7 million people are of European (mainly British)
Origin. Around 9% of the population is Maoris.
The majority of the population are of British origin, but
there are small group of Chinese, Indians, Dutch,
Yugoslavs, Greeks, and Poles.
English is the universal language, although Maori, a
language of the Polynesian group, is still spoken among
the Maori population and is taught in the Maori schools.
Year
Population
1850
131,900
1871
256,300
1900
802,200
1910
1,040,500
1920
1,242,400
1930
1,493,000
1940
1,637,300
1950
1,909,100
1960
2,377,000
1970
2,819,600
1980
3,144,000
1990
3,362,500
2000
3,832,900
2009
4,319,932
Early History
•
New Zealand is one of the most recently settled
major landmasses. The first settlers were Eastern
Polynesians who went to New Zealand, probably in
a series of migrations, sometime between around
700 and 2000 years ago. Over the following
centuries these settlers developed into a distinct
culture now known as Māori. The population was
divided into Iwi (tribes) and hapū (subtribes) which
would cooperate, compete and sometimes fight
with each other. At some point a group of Māori
migrated to the Chatham Islands where they
developed their own distinct Moriori culture.
•
The first Europeans known to have reached New
Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon
Tasman and his crew in 1642.Māori killed several
of the crew and no Europeans returned to New
Zealand until British explorer James Cook's voyage
of 1768–71. Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and
mapped almost the entire coastline. Following
Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous
European and North American whaling, sealing and
trading ships. They traded European food and
goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for
Māori timber, food, artefacts and water. On
occasion, Europeans traded goods for sex. The
potato and the musket transformed Māori
agriculture and warfare, although the resulting
Musket Wars died out once the tribal imbalance of
arms had been rectified. From the early nineteenth
century, Christian missionaries began to settle
New Zealand, eventually converting most of the
Māori population, who had become disillusioned
with their indigenous faith by the introduction of
Western culture.
New History
•
•
Becoming aware of the lawless nature of European settlement and
increasing interest in the territory by the French, the British
government sent William Hobson to New Zealand to claim
sovereignty and negotiate a treaty with Māori. The Treaty of
Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840.
The drafting was done hastily and confusion and disagreement
continues to surround the translation. The Treaty however remains
regarded as New Zealand's foundation as a nation and is revered by
Māori as a guarantee of their rights.
Initially under British rule, New Zealand had been part of the colony
of New South Wales. Hobson initially selected Okiato as the capital
in 1840, before moving the seat of government to Auckland in 1841,
when New Zealand became a separate colony, and there were
increasing numbers of European settlers to New Zealand
particularly from the British Isles. At first, Māori were eager to trade
with the 'Pakeha', as they called them, and many iwi (tribes)
became wealthy. As settler numbers increased, conflicts over land
led to the New Zealand Land Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting
in the loss of much Māori land. The details of European settlement
and the acquisition of land from Māori remain controversial.
Representative government for the colony was provided for by the
passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 by the United
Kingdom. The 1st New Zealand Parliament met in 1854. In 1856 the
colony became effectively self-governing with the grant of
responsible government over all domestic matters other than native
policy. Power in this respect would be transferred to the colonial
administration in the 1860s. In 1863 Premier Alfred Domett moved a
resolution that the capital transfer to a locality in Cook Strait,
apparently due to concern the South Island could form a separate
colony. Commissioners from Australia (chosen for their neutral
status) advised Wellington as suitable because of its harbour and
central location, and parliament officially sat there for the first time
in 1865. In 1893, the country became the first nation in the world to
grant women the right to vote. In 1907, New Zealand became a
Dominion within the British Empire, and a independent
Commonwealth realm in 1947 when the Statute of Westminster was
adopted, although in practice Britain had ceased to play any real
role in the government of New Zealand much earlier than this. As
New Zealand became more politically independent it became more
dependent economically; in the 1890s, refrigerated shipping
allowed New Zealand to base its entire economy on the export of
meat and dairy products to Britain.
Newest History
•
•
New Zealand was an enthusiastic member of the British
Empire, fighting in the Boer War, World War I and World
War II, especially in the Battle of Britain, and supporting
Britain in the Suez Crisis. The country was very much a
part of the world economy and suffered as others did in
the Great Depression of the 1930s. The depression led to
the election of the first Labour government, which
established a comprehensive welfare state and a
protectionist economy.
New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following
World War II. However, some social problems were
developing; Māori had begun to leave traditional rural life
and move to the cities in search of work. A Māori protest
movement would eventually form, criticising Eurocentrism
and seeking more recognition of Māori culture and the
Treaty of Waitangi, which they felt had not been fully
honoured. In 1975 a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to
investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and enabled to
investigate historic grievances in 1985. In common with all
other developed countries, social developments
accelerated in the 1970s and social and political mores
changed. Britain's membership of the European Economic
Community in 1973 drastically reduced access for New
Zealand exporters to largest market. This, along with the
oil shocks of the 1970s, led to great economic and social
changes during the 1980s under the 4th Labour
government largely led by Finance Minister Roger Douglas,
and commonly referred to as "Rogernomics."
Wellington
Wellington is the capital city and third most populous urban area of New Zealand. The urban
area is situated on the southwestern tip of the country's North Island, and lies between Cook
Strait and the Rimutaka Range. It is home to 386,000 residents, with an additional 3,700
residents living in the surrounding rural areas.
Wellington was named after Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the
Battle of Waterloo. The Duke's title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of
Somerset.
Wellington is New Zealand's political centre, housing Parliament and the head offices of all
Government Ministries and Departments, plus the bulk of the foreign diplomatic missions
that are based in New Zealand. Wellington has the 12th best quality of living in the world in
2009, a ranking holding steady from 2007, according to a 2007 study by consulting
company Mercer. Of cities with English as the primary language, Wellington ranked fourth in
2007. Of cities in the Asia Pacific region, Wellington ranked third (2009) behind Auckland
and Sydney, Australia. Of New Zealand cities only Auckland rated higher with a ranking of
fourth best in the world in 2009
Interesting places of Wellington
Art Ferns & Civic Square
The bucket fountain
Night city
Yaroslav Mudrevskiy
Christchurch
The biggest city in the South Island and second biggest in New Zealand is
Christchurch.
Christchurch is the biggest city in the South Island and the third biggest city in New
Zealand. It is a popular destination in New Zealand and is a major gateway to the
country as it has the second biggest international airport. Internationally famed, the
Garden City, Christchurch's well-established expansive parks and public gardens
owe much to the planning and foresight of the city's founding fathers. The centrallylocated 161 hectare Hagley Park, the Botanic Gardens, the four leafy inner-city
avenues, Victoria Square and spectacular gardens such as Mona Vale on the banks
of the River Avon bear testimony to this legacy. The Garden City Festival of Flowers
held in February each year is certainly one of the most popular festivals on the
annual calendar. In 1996, Christchurch was acknowledged as the outstanding
garden city from 620 international entries and in 1997, was judged Overall Winner
of Major Cities in the Nations in Bloom International Competition to become Garden
City of the World!. Christchurch is also reputed to be the most English looking city
outside of England and this claim is justified but strange when you consider that
Christchurch is also the furtherest city in the world from England. The city contains
many English trees such as Weeping Willows, Poplars, and Chestnut Trees along the
the banks of the River Avon, named after it's English counterpart. Christchurch's
architecture is striking as most of its old buildings have been preserved which adds
to its English charm. The Square in the heart of the city is an entertaining place
where you can sit down and watch unplanned entertainment from people debating
subjects like religion or listening to the ramblings of the Wizard or the latest news
from the Town Crier. The Square and Worcester Boulevard have some great Markets
which are ideally set against some of New Zealands oldest and most beautiful
buildings. The Markets at Worcester Boulevard are accessible by a Tram that travels
from the Square to the Museum. The Port Hills, which is part of Banks Peninsula,
houses some upper class suburbs and the views are quite spectacular as you can
see the Canterbury Plains and the Southern Alps to the west and Banks Peninsula to
the east.
The Nelson region is administered as a unitary authority. It is positioned between Marlborough to the east and Tasman Region
to the west. Nelson has beaches and a sheltered harbour. The harbour entrance is protected by a natural breakwater known as
The Boulder Bank, which also reduces the effects of the tide on Nelson city's beach, Tahunanui. This allows for some of the
safest sea bathing in the country.
Nelson is surrounded by mountains on three sides with Tasman Bay on the other. It functions as the gateway to
the Abel Tasman National Park, the Kahurangi National Park, and Rotoiti & Rotoroa in the Nelson Lakes National Park. It is a
centre for both ecotourism and adventure tourism, and has a high reputation among caving enthusiasts due to several
prominent cave systems around Takaka Hill and Mount Owen.Many people believe Nelson has the best climate in New
Zealand, in that it regularly tops the national statistics for sunshine hours, with an annual average total of over 2400 hours.
The geographical "Centre of New Zealand" allegedly lies in Nelson; on a hilltop suspiciously convenient to the centre of the
city. This supposed "centre" in fact simply marks the point deemed the "centre" for the purposes of early geographical
surveys. The true geographical centre lies in a patch of unremarkable dense scrub in a forest on the Spooner Range near
Tapawera, 35 kilometres southwest of Nelson.
Nelson serves as a centre for arts and crafts, and each year hosts popular events such as the Nelson Arts Festival, and, in
previous years, the annual Wearable Art Awards, although these have now moved to Wellington.
Settlement of Nelson began circa 1100 years ago by Māori. There is evidence the earliest settlements in New Zealand are
around the Nelson-Marlborough regions. The earliest recorded iwi in the Nelson district are the Ngāti Kuia, Ngāti
Tumatakokiri, Ngāti Apa and Rangitane tribes.
Raids from northern tribes in the 1820's, led by Te Rauparaha and his Ngāti Toa, soon decimated the local population and
quickly displaced them.
The New Zealand Company in London planned the settlement of Nelson. They intended to buy cheaply from the Māori some
200,000 acres (800 km²) which they planned to divide into one thousand lots and sell (at a considerable profit) to intending
settlers. The Company earmarked future profits to finance the free passage of artisans and labourers and their families, and
for the construction of public works. However by September 1841 only about one third of the lots had sold. Despite this the
Colony pushed
.
Manufacturing
Even in the 19th century New Zealand’s
relative geographic isolation made necessary
a proportionately large industrial labour force
engaged in the manufacture and repair of
agricultural machinery and in shipbuilding,
brewing, and timber processing. After the
1880s the factory processing of farm products
swelled these numbers, while the temporary
isolation of World Wars I and II stimulated the
production of a wide range of manufactured
goods that previously had been imported.
Protectionist policies first espoused, although
weakly, by governments in the late 19th
century were strengthened after World War I.
Uniquely New Zealand







Due to its long geological isolation since breaking away
from the supercontinent Gondwana about 80 million years
ago, New Zealand’s plant and animal life has developed
down a unique evolutionary path.
Many of our native plants and animals are endemic – that
is, found nowhere else in the world. The level of endemism
among New Zealand plants and animals is one of the
highest in the world.
The tuatara, moa, kiwi, kokako, saddleback, huia, kakapo,
native frogs and giant carnivorous land snails are just some
of the species that are uniquely New Zealand.
This isolation in the absence of mammalian predators for
millions of years also meant that many of our native species
were virtually defenceless against attack – for example,
many of our native birds like the kiwi are flightless and nest
on the ground.
When humans – first Maori and then European settlers arrived in New Zealand, introduced mammals came with
them: rats, possums, stoats, ferrets, weasels, deer, pigs,
mice, cats, dogs and others.
These introduced species quickly took a heavy toll as they
preyed and browsed on New Zealand’s largely defenceless
native species, or competed with them. Human activities
such as felling and burning vegetation and draining
wetlands also destroyed much of the native species’
habitats.
Native species such as the moa, huia, and the world’s
largest-ever eagle, the Haast’s eagle, the South Island
kokako and many others became extinct. Many more, such
as the takahe, the kakapo and the long-tailed bat were
radically reduced in number and remain perilously close to
extinction today.
What Forest & Bird is doing to help











Since our formation in 1923, Forest & Bird has played a vital role in turning
around the precarious situation of many of our native plants and animals.
We have raised public awareness of the unique and special nature of our
native wildlife, and have advocated for better protection for these vulnerable
species. We also take part in hands-on projects to protect native species
through habitat restoration and pest control.
Despite the efforts of Forest & Bird and other conservationists, many of our
native species remain under threat of extinction. The threats they face, most
importantly the threat of introduced pest species, must be better managed if
our native plants and animals are to continue to survive.
Some of the threatened species we are working to help save include:
Kakapo – Forest & Bird is part of the Kakapo Recovery Programme that has
helped turn around the decline in the kakapo’s population, which now
numbers 86.
Whio (blue duck). Forest & Bird works with the Central North Island Blue
Duck Trust to restore populations of whio – their population is slowly
building.
Kiwi – The range of kiwi has been reduced by 20% in recent years (1970s 2007). Our work with BNZ Save the Kiwi Trust helps protect kiwi from
introduced predators so their populations can recover. Eggs are taken from
the wild and hatched and the kiwi chicks are raised in predator-proof “kiwi
creches” like our Bushy Park reserve till they are big enough to fight off
predators.
Hihi (stitchbird) – Hihi have been successfully relocated to Ark in the Park,
a partnership between Forest & Bird and Auckland Regional Council in the
Waitakere Ranges, where they are now breeding successfully safe from
predators.
Kokako – The range of kokako has been reduced by 90% (1970s to 2007)
but recent breeding successes under the Kokako Recovery Programme (in
which Forest & Bird is a partner) means their population is now increasing.
Albatross – New Zealand is known as the world albatross capital as many of
these ocean-going birds are found in our territorial waters. Forest & Bird is
part of the international Save the Albatross campaign to help protect
albatrosses from by-catch deaths in fisheries.
Our nationwide campaigns for more effective pest control and protection and
restoration of native habitats means that many more of our native species are
better protected and have a better chance of rebuilding their numbers.
However, they still need further help to ensure their survival.