Transcript No Slide Title

Understanding
and Reducing
Your School’s
Energy Bills
May 15, 2009
Pradeep (PK) Kapadia, Director of Business Development,
Lime Energy Co.
Good News…


The Energy Crisis is OVER! Crude oil prices
have dropped over $100/barrel in the past
year! Natural gas and fuel prices have
dropped 60% from their recent highs! The
nation’s petroleum reserves are at an all-time
high, and world demand for energy is at a
five-year low! Woo-Hoo!
All of the above is true. And if this “good”
news continues much longer, the global
recession will spread into a global depression
that will have us yearning for $80/barrel
crude oil.
2
Consider this…
Many oil-producing countries need oil to be at $70/barrel to generate
enough income to run their countries. At today’s $50/barrel cost, they
are running deficits that could de-stabilize governments. And we’re not
talking about ‘friendly’ countries, we’re talking about Iran, Iraq,
Venezuela, Russia.
For US oil companies that have to dig deeper and search harder, over
$50 is spent to bring each barrel of oil to the refinery.
As global economies recover, the demand for energy will increase and
the costs will rise to a more stable $80 to $90/barrel.
Enjoy the temporary
respite… Remember today’s
price at the gas pump
3
If You’re Not Sure, Ask!
If this is your first energy workshop, don’t
feel bad if a lot seems new to you.
Please remember: there are no “dumb”
questions. Raise your hand if
you want any item clarified.
Don’t let pride or ego get in
the way of learning how to
save money for your school.
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Today’s Class Schedule
Five 25-minute periods:
1.
Basics and Benchmarking of Energy Use in Schools
2.
New Technologies – what the future looks like
3.
The “take your car off the road” challenge
4.
Low/No-Cost Measures to Cut Energy Bills
5.
Wrap-up and Case Studies
Did you know that for US schools, energy costs more
than textbooks and computers combined?
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Session #1:
Basics of Energy Use
and Benchmarking
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Why Bother Saving Energy?




Fuel and electricity costs will continue to rise,
despite temporary dips. Don’t let the current
recession give you a false sense of energy
security.
Energy efficiency and conservation are
hedges against future cost increases.
Maintaining the efficiency of a school’s
physical plant retains its value and
avoids costly – and unexpected – repairs.
Cutting energy use reduces pollution,
stems global warming, and helps national
security.
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Major Terms We Use Today
ENERGY: heat, light, motion, electricity, and radio
waves. It’s the “currency” you spend to make
physical changes happen. It’s measured in kilowatthours (kWh) and British Thermal Units (BTU).
Energy comes from fuels: as oil, natural gas, coal,
and uranium, as well as from the sun, wind, water
flow, and the earth’s heat.
POWER: how fast you use energy, measured in units
like horsepower, kilowatts (kW), and BTU/hour.
1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts (W) = 3,413 BTU/hr
REMINDER: a kW is how fast you use electricity; a
kWh is an amount of energy. Don’t confuse them.
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Basic Energy Units
All energy units can be translated into each other:
1 BTU = heat needed to raise 1 lb water 10 F
1 therm (thm) = 100,000 BTU
1 cubic foot (CF) = 1,030 BTU, 1 CCF = 103,000 BTU
1 gallon (gal) #2 oil = 139,000 BTU
1 gallon (gal) propane = 94,000 BTU
1 pound of coal = 11,000 BTU
1 kilowatt-hour (kWhr) = 3,413 BTU
1 kilowatt (kW) = 3,413 BTU/hr
1 ton of air conditioning = 12,000 BTU/hr
How efficiently energy is used depends on the way
the energy is released, distributed, and controlled.
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A Few Quick Examples
- a 100-watt lamp pulls .1 kW of power; if it runs for 10
hrs, it uses .1 kW x 10 hr = 1 kWh
- a 100,000 BTU/hr (100 MBh) boiler running at 72%
efficiency will use about 1 gal/hr of #2 oil (139,000
BTU/gal per hr x 72% ~ 100,000 BTU/hr)
- an average PC (computer plus monitor) pulls ~ 160
W; if left on without power management, it wastes
(8760 hr/yr – 2000 hr/yr of class time) x 160 W x 1 kW
per 1000 W = 1082 kWh; at $.10/kWhr, that’s $108/PC
- old shower head may use 4 gal/min; in 10 min, that’s
40 gals (@ 8.33 lb/gal = 333 lb water); to heat it up by
700 F, 333 lb x 70 x 1 BTU/lb/oF = 23,324 BTU is used;
if electric, 23,324/3413 to get 6.9 kWh; @$.10/kWh,
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that’s about $.70/shower (save 50% with lo-flow head)
More Examples - Electric
Demand

A 100 HP motor uses
100 HP X 0.746
kW/HP = 75 kW of
power. To allow that
100 HP fan motor to
operate, the utility has
to reserve 75 kW of
demand, 24/7. You pay
for that reservation. Up
to $4000 per year,
even if you only use it
for one day
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Major Energy Uses In Schools
Source: http://www.eia.doc.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbec-eu4.pdf
Most energy used in schools is for space heating,
water heating, and lighting (ave. total is ~125,000
BTU/SF; 86% is for fuel and ~14% is for power).
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Major Electricity Uses In Schools
Most electricity used in schools is for lighting.
(average total electric consumption = 5.1 kWh/SF)
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Benchmarking Schools
Source: http://eber.ed.ornl.gov/benchmark/k12.htm
Note: total energy includes fuel and site electricity (at
3413 Btu/kWhr). Most buildings use at least 125,000
BTU/SF per year, though some use much more. 14
Understanding Energy Bills

keep your bills in a file for later use
and comparison from year-to-year

know which devices in your
school use each type of energy

grasp meaning of each item on the bill

realize that electric rates have many
components that are not visible on bills

watch for trends in usage (e.g., jump in usage
due to summer AC or winter electric heating)
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Evaluating A Seasonal Pattern
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27 24
Base Usage 18
Summer’s Air Conditioning (A/C) Usage = [(27-18) + (32-18) +
(24-18)] kWh/day x 30 days/mo = 870 kWh; Cost of A/C = 870
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kWh x $.17/summer kWh = $148 for 3 months of A/C
Natural Gas Rates
They come in 2 basic “flavors”:

Firm – as much as you want, all the time,
regardless of how cold it gets.

Interruptible – as much as you want unless the
utility tells you to switch to an alternate fuel (e.g.,
oil) at certain times and/or temperatures.
Interruptible service is cheaper, but penalties exist if you
fail to switch when called to do so.
A fuel adjustment charge may be added to either rate to
cover a utility’s extra cost for gas it bought at wholesale,
above a defined price.
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BTU Fuel Contracting

Only for facilities with dual-fuel burners.

Buy natural gas and oil from one vendor at a fixed
price ($/MMBTU), regardless of fuel.

Switch between fuels when he tells you (based on
wholesale spot market price, e.g., NYMEX hub, or
local pipeline zone).

Share in profit made from selling at a higher price the
fuel he had earlier reserved for you.

Not available in all markets or by all vendors.

Presently offered in some areas by Amerada Hess,
Castle Oil, and a few others.
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Session #2:
New Technologies –
what’s in your energy
future?
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New Technologies:
PK’s top five energy efficiency technologies that will
be implemented over the next 5 years:
1. L.E.D. lighting will replace fluorescent, H.I.D., and
CFL bulbs for indoor and outdoor use
2. Web-based controls will shut off loads and reset
temperature setpoints remotely
3. Electricity will be stored and re-sold to utilities or
used during peak periods
4. Solar PV plants will cost less than $4.00/watt
installed, a 70% drop in price since 2012
5. A new generation of “green” citizens will demand
energy efficiency from their schools, governments
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and themselves
New Technologies:
L.E.D. Lighting

Efficiency: expect 120 lumens/watt by 2011

Environmentally friendly (no PCB’s or
mercury)

Longer Life, Longer Lumen Maintenance

Durable, Compact, Improved Photometrics

Better Color, Directional Light Source

Instant on, Variable Dimming

Operates well in cold temperatures
New Technologies:
L.E.D. Lighting
…Replaces outdoor pole heads
New
Technologies
L.E.D.
Lighting
…Replaces
outdoor pole
lights
New Technologies – L.E.D.
Lighting
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New
Technologies
L.E.D.
Lighting
…Replaces task
lights at desks
New
Technologies
L.E.D.
Lighting
…Replaces
recessed ceiling
CFL and
halogen lamps
New
Technologies
L.E.D.
Lighting
…Replaces
linear
fluorescent
fixtures
New Technologies:
Web-enabled Controls
Standard Benefits
Superior Energy Management
• Automatic DST Support
• 366-Day Programming
• Advanced HVAC Settings
• Temporary Manual Override
Optimized Time Management
• Remote Schedule Changes
• Remote HVAC System Changes
• Remote System Monitoring
• Remote Alarm Notifications
Premium Benefits: All the benefits of basic
web-enabled control, plus:
•Verification of savings
•Continuous Commissioning
•HVAC experts diagnosing failures or alarms
•Dispatch capability to Fix Alarms
•Preventive maintenance
•Demand Response Compatible
New Technologies:
Electricity Storage
Electric Storage for Peak Shaving & Load
Shifting in 1kW Chunks
New Technologies:
Electricity Storage
Ideal for “Smart Grid” operations, or “Off Grid” applications
Can be used for Demand Response programs
Loses no more than 0.1% of power stored per month
Can be used for back-up power (UPS systems, data centers, etc.)
New Technologies:
Solar PV Price Point
The State of CA is installing more solar PV systems in 2009 – 2011 than all
previous solar PV systems in the US combined. Until 2008, 677 MW of
grid-connected solar PV systems were installed. By contrast, PG&E
utilities, a CA utility, contracted with two solar PV companies to produce
800 MW worth of grid-connected solar PV systems by 2011. And that’s just
1 utility in Northern California…
Solar PV systems have improved in efficiency by only ~10% in the past 10
years. However, the production cost of solar cells have dropped by over
70% (excluding inflation) during that time.
Solar PV systems have the biggest impact on expensive, peak power because
power demand peaks during the hottest part of the day, which is when
solar PV output peaks as well.
Energy efficiency projects will always be less expensive and more reliable than
solar PV – the greenest power is the power that you don’t use…
“Take Your Car Off The
Road” Challenge
How much energy would you need to save
to eliminate the equivalent pollution
emitted by your car for 1 year (12,122 lbs.
of Carbon Dioxide)?
• 620 gallons of gas or home heating oil; or
• 1,100 Therms of natural gas; or
• 7,600 kWh per year
That’s probably too much energy to save each year in a
single home, but a team of 4 students in each class could
do it together by following the recommendations in the
next few slides in their own homes
“Take Your Car Off The
Road” Challenge
Let’s go through the Low Cost-No Cost
measures in the next few slides. The ones
marked © are eligible measures for
students (and teachers and
administrators) to implement in their
homes for the Challenge; sample
calculations to follow at the end.
Go to:
http://www.countdownyourcarbon.org/ to
do this yourself…
Central Plant Options
CP-1 Replace boiler pilot lights
with electronic ignition.
CP-2 Reduce #2 oil nozzle size to
cut short cycling.
CP-3 Setback/reduce DHW
temperature.
CP-4 Fully load boilers; isolate
unneeded boilers.
CP-5 Tune-up boilers; verify
damper control.
CP-6 Shut off secondary pumping
when not essential.
Electronic Boiler
Controls
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Central Plant Options
CP-1 Replace boiler pilot lights
with electronic ignition.
CP-2 Reduce #2 oil nozzle size to
cut short cycling.
CP-3 Setback/reduce DHW
temperature ©.
CP-4 Fully load boilers; isolate
unneeded boilers.
CP-5 Tune-up boilers; verify
damper control.
CP-6 Shut off secondary pumping
when not essential.
Electronic Boiler
Controls
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More Central Plant Options
CP-7 Add insulation to DHW storage tank ©.
CP-8 Where feasible, cut off DHW service.
CP-9 Lubricate central ventilation/exhaust fan
motors.
CP- 10 Reduce pulley wheel size to cut air flow.
CP- 11 Raise power factor (if charged for it).
CP-12 Convert from #2 to #6 oil (i.e., new burners).
CP-13 Replace old air filters at furnaces & AHU’s ©.
CP-14 Add real-time demand indicator and EMS
alarm when it exceeds set level (both peak & after
hour).
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More Central Plant Options
Boiler tune-up, controls
Change AHU pulley wheel
size to reduce flow
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Distribution System Options
D-1 Check all steam traps and
valves for leaks.
D-2 Add setback control to heat
for nights, weekends ©.
D-3 Add zone valves/dampers to
cut temperatures in unused
spaces.
D-4 Check pneumatic system for
leaks and proper control,
especially for thermostats and Digital Timer
OA dampers.
Digital
D-5 Add timer control to
Setback
bathroom exhaust fans, DHW
T’stat ©
circulating pumps.
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More Distribution Options
D-6 Add flow restrictors to sinks
and showers ©.
D-8 Clean all radiators,
convectors, and fan coils.
D-9 Lubricate fan coil fan motors.
D-10 Clean heating coils, replace
air filters.
D-11 Avoid/replace electric reheat
or zone coils.
D-12 In gyms and high ceiling
areas, add de-stratification fans
to bring warm air to floor.
Destratification fan
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Low Flow Showerhead©
Even More Distribution Options
D-13 Install CO2 sensors for
ventilation control (1000 ppm)
D-14 Cut off or better control
loading dock heaters.
D-15 Install pool covers.
D-16 Verify holiday/weekend
temp. setback operations ©.
Indoor Pool Cover
D-17 Cover or valve down
radiators in unused rooms.
Valve
Down
Unused
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Radiators
Even More Distribution
Options
D-18 In Mechanical
Rooms, check all
ductwork for leaks or
deteriorated insulation
and repair or replace
as necessary
Find/fix leaks in air ducts
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Envelope Options
E-1 Tape leaky windows shut (or weatherstrip) ©.
E-2 Where possible, install window insulation kit
(including under skylights).
E-3 Check and repair all door weatherstripping ©.
E-4 Close/seal vertical ventilation shafts and
transoms.
E-5 Add foam board insulation or reflective cardboard
behind radiators ©.
E-6 In high ceiling rooms, install dropped ceilings.
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More Envelope Options
E-7 Cover window A/Cs (both
inside and outside).
E-8 Insulate attic floor with batt
insulation ©.
E-9 Be sure dampers on rooftop
units close fully and are
weatherstripped.
E-10 Be sure doors and windows
at tops of shafts are well sealed
(stop the stack effect!).
E-11 If possible, use only
Window AC Covers ©
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revolving entry doors.
Lighting Options
L-1 Where feasible, lower light fixtures and ceilings.
L-2 Tighten control on field & parking lot lighting ©.
L-3 Convert security lighting to Pulse Start HID or
LED
L-4 Replace incandescent lamps with CFL or LED
(incl. task lighting) ©
L-5 Reduce hallway illumination levels.
L-6 On top floor, add tubular skylights
(www.solatube.com) and photocell sensors ©
L-7 Where possible, zone lighting in 3rd’s with new
switches; use only 1/3 or 2/3 unless all needed.
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L-8 Clean windows and light fixtures to add light ©.
More Lighting Options
L-9 Add motion sensors to storage/common area
lighting, gym lighting (if HID, shut off X% of fixtures
or install Hi/Lo controls or replace with T-5 Hi
Bays).
L-10 Where feasible, replace diffusers with lenses.
L-11 Designate light switch captains and
enforce (or add motion sensors in rooms).
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Administrative/Other Options
A-1 Calculate after-hours cost of events and
charge to sub-accounts.
A-2 Enforce garage door closing.
A-3 From outside, perform daily check for open
windows and lights left on after classes.
A-5 Turn off compressors in drinking fountains.
A-6 Consolidate classes closer together and shut
off unneeded wings.
A-7 Enforce thorough holiday/weekend shutdown
A-8 Reward car pooling for students,
administrators and teachers
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More Admin/Other Options
A-9 In cafeterias, ensure night/weekend shutdown
of steam tables, burners, dishwashers, DHW
heaters, etc. Eliminate parasitic or stand-by
losses
A-10 E-Z-Save on all PCs (mandatory!) ©
A-11 Minimize standby losses - unplug chargers ©
A-12 Ban books or other materials blocking
radiators.
A-13 In chem labs, minimize off-hours hood usage.
A-14 Add motion sensors to vending machines
(except for ice cream and sandwiches).
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Energy Star® E-Z-Save Program
EZ GPO software uses existing
Windows-based networks to shut off
monitors and/or power down CPUs
(under network administrator’s
control), based on time elapsed since
last key stroke. Any key stroke or
mouse movement returns monitor and
CPU to normal with no work
interruption. Users may opt out.
Software tracks which monitors are
being controlled.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?
c=power_mgt.pr_power_management
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Vendingmi$er Control
Vending machine power
controller mtd. on plate, with
picture of IR sensor in inset;
www.usatech.com
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Getting Your Energy
Program Started
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Energy Program Do’s & Don’ts
DO:
• Inform teachers & parents of what you’re up to.
• Keep records of what worked (and what didn’t).
• Share successes & good ideas among
yourselves.
• Track monthly fuel and power usage in an
Excel or other database.
• Issue short monthly reminders to shut off lights,
close windows, shut off PCs, etc.
• Reward good ideas and efforts.
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Energy Program Do’s & Don’ts
DON’T:
• Degrade comfort noticeably.
• Create any safety or health hazards.
• Make draconian demands on behavior.
• Exclude occupants from input and
participation.
• Denigrate any effort, however small, to save
energy.
• Assume that what was implemented last year
still works as intended this year
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Upgrade Purchasing Specs
 Whenever possible specify Energy Star™
copiers, appliances, monitors, PCs, etc.
 If lighting upgraded, ensure that only new
types of lamps are stocked to avoid
“snapback” (e.g., incan vs. CFL).
 If boilers are dual fuel, choose fuel based
on monthly cost, not just utility directions.
 If available, consider BTU fuel contract for
dual-fueled facilities.
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A More Orderly Approach
Energy Auditing: a systematic process for
determining how much energy is used by
heating, cooling, lighting, etc. and developing
alternative ways to provide the same services
through lower-cost and/or more efficient ways.
Energy audits are performed by
professionals for a fee. New
Yorkers can get reimbursed if
they pursue some of the audit’s
recommendations.
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Time To Get To Work

Start with the easiest (not the big) measures.

Work within a realistic budget for upgrades.

Avoid options that involve major changes in
behavior (e.g., making rooms too cold).

Spread upgrades over time, rather
than trying to do too much at once.

Any small action is better than
just talking about taking a big step.

Remember that everything you do to
minimize energy use will save money!
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Thank you for your
time and attention.
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