Transcript EMISSION STANDARDS IN LIGHT AND HEAVY VEHICLES

EMISSION STANDARDS IN
LIGHT AND HEAVY
VEHICLES
INTRODUCTION
• Emission requirements in Europe since 1970
• US and some European countries (Sweden,
Norway and Austria) introduced first
• Current emission regulate NOX,HC,CO & PM
• Standards are represent by Euro & followed
by no.
• For motorcycles & mopeds and for
engines of non road machinery
ROAD TRAFFIC’S SHARE OF EMISSION
EMISSION STANDARDS
EU STANDARDS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES
TEST CYCLES
• Emissions measured by standardized test
cycles
• For light vehicles in g/Km
• For heavy vehicles in g/kWh
• For light vehicles transient cycle
• Heavy vehicles both transient and
stationary cycle
• ETC,ESC,European load response
(ELR), Enhanced Environmentally
vehicles(EEV)
EUROPEAN TRANSIENT CYCLE(ETC)
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FIGE transient cycle
Road cycle measurement of heavy duty
vehicles
• 3 parts – urban , rural , motorway driving –
total 1800s – each 600s
1. city driving max speed 50 km/hr, frequent
starts, stops, and idling
2. rural driving starting with a steep
acceleration segment (avg-72km/hr)
CONTD…
3. Motorway driving with average speed of
about 88 km/h
• The cycle in two variants:
a) As a chassis and
b) An engine dynamometer
test.
EUROPEAN STATIONARY CYCLE(ESC)
• Emission certification of heavy duty diesel
engine
• Engine is tested on dynamometer over
steady state modes
• The specified speed held
within ±50 rpm and the
specified torque held within
±2% of max torque
• final results in g/kWh
LIGHT VEHICLES
• Road vehicles under 3.5 tonne (both
passenger cars & commercial vehicles)
• Auto-oil-program
• Emission control increased the quality of fuel
(eg; sulphur-150ppm to 10ppm
within 2009)
• NOX is controlled in PV
• Particulates are controlled in DV
EU STANDARDS FOR LIGHT VEHICLES
HEAVY VEHICLES
• Vehicles heavier than 3.5tonnes
• EuroI-1992,EuroII-1995,EuroIII-2000, EuroIV2005,EuroV-2008
• Main difference b/w Euro IV and Euro V
• Environmentally friendly vehicles
as well as for on-board
diagnostic systems (OBD)
enhanced it
EU STANDARDS FOR HEAVY VEHICLES
FUTURE EMISSION STANDARDS
• Motor Vehicle Emissions Group Commission
• German Environment agency (UBA)
published new proposal for ES:Passenger cars:
1. Emission requirements should be fuelneutral
2. Particulate requirement should be
strengthen by a factor 10
3. NOX strengthen by a factor of 3
4. Summation value for NOx + HC replaced
with an HC limit
CONTD…
Heavy vehicles:1. Fuel-neutral requirements
2. Particulate standards for 2008
3. NOx requirement for 2008 are halved & then
halved again in 2010
• Current weight-based standards with
maximum no of particles within size range
• Tax incentives to vehicles that comply with
requirements
FACTFILE:EMISSION CONTROL
Petrol-driven passenger cars
• Emission consist of NOX and unburnt HC
• Three-way catalytic convertor
• 300-400’C to start the catalytic convertor
Diesel-driven cars
• Nitrogen oxides
• Particulates
• Combined methods
POPULAR EMISSION CONTROL DEVICES
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HC as a result of vaporization of gasoline
Clean air act in 1977
Feedback fuel control system
Oxygen sensors in exhaust
Some of the popular
emission control system
are explained
CATALYTIC CONVERTOR
• It oxidize CO & HC using palladium & platinum
as catalyst separating oxygen than adding
• It cannot operate in presence of lead
• Industrial application to avoid harmful emissions
• Ideal byproducts of automobile engine are CO2,
H2O, and some N2
• Standard subcomponents of catalytic oxidizers
include a line burner, catalyst bed, and heat
exchanger.
Flash
PCV VALVE
• Take vapors from crankcase
• Recirculation of air through crankcase
• Dilute air/fuel mixture
• Increase life of oil and
engine
• life of valve and filter is
around 30000 to 50000
miles
• If the valve or system is
clogged, it will create
engine oil leak
EGR VALVE
• Reduce emissions of oxides of N2 (1972)
• How oxides of nitrogen formed?
• Thought of a fire extinguisher to cool the
combustion chamber
• How CO2 & water (plus zillion other noxious
chemicals) cool combustion chamber & prevent
the formation of NOX
• External EGR and Internal EGR valve
EVAPORATIVE CONTROLS
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To dispose of fuel vapors created in fuel system
Improper operation may cause rich driveability
Maintain stable fuel tank pressure
Due to evaporation fuel vapors are created
Stored vapor fuel is added to the incoming
air/fuel mixture
AIR INJECTION
AIR INJECTION
• The air injection system supplies air to the
exhaust stream to promote additional burning of
exhaust gases such as hydrocarbons
(abbreviated as HC) and carbon monoxide
(abbreviated as CO).
• catalytic converter to
further reduce HC, CO and
oxides of nitrogen (NOx), a
major contributor to
photochemical smog
TURBOCHARGER
TURBOCHARGER
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It’s a part of advanced clean diesel system
Increase diesel efficiency
What is a turbocharger?
How common rail direct injection and
turbocharging increases
efficiency
• Turbochargers and
advanced
ABOUT BHARAT STANDARDS
• Automotive Research Association of India
(ARAI) decided to implement Bha-III
• The gasoline vehicles were being tested for idle
carbon monoxide emission and diesel vehicles
for free acceleration smoke.
• Four metros— Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, New
Delhi — and the mini metros — Bangalore,
Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur
and Agra.
EURO STANDARDS FOR PETROL CARS
EURO STANDARDS FOR DIESEL CARS
EURO vs.US/JAPAN STANDARDS
MERCEDES-BENZ BIONIC CAR
TECHNICAL DATA
• Vehicle Type: Mercedes-Benz concept car
• Intake system: Common-rail direct injection,
particulate filter, Selective catalytic reduction
(SCR)
• Engine: 4-cylinder Diesel engine
• Horsepower: 140 hp
• Torque: 300 Nm @ 1,600 – 3,000 rpm
• Transmission: AUTOTRONIC continuously
variable automatic transmission
DISCUSSION