Transcript Nanotechnology and the paper/forest product industry

Nanotechnology and
the paper/forest product
industry
Dan Coughlin
Paul Gilbert
Steven Masia
Tety Roper
Growing Trend in Nanotechnology
Number of Publications in Nanotechnology Area
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800
Nanotechnology Based on the Application in
Various Market Segment
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Nanotechnology Sector
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Nanotechnology Application
Mechanical Tailoring
and control
(Lightweight paper
with high strength=
Aerogel)
Lignocellulose
Control and
conformation
tailoring
( Improved
construction
materials)
Thermal Properties
and functionality
( Controlled heat
conductivity and
capacity)
Nano scale
Polysaccharide
Processing
( New
biopolymers –
Ethanol
biorefinery)
Surface Functionality
and Tailoring
( Hydrophobic
/Hydrophilic
Biosensors)
Optical properties
(Specialized optics
by photonic
nanostructure)
Application Areas
Nanolignocellulosics
Nanoscale
composites
(Formation of
nanofibers for
composite
processing)
Porosity and
Control
( Improved
filtration and
membranes –
Improved
printability)
Electronic Functionality
and Sensing
(Printed electronics –
displays, solar cells,
fuel cells, medical
sensors)
Modeling “Smart”
Cellulose structures
(PiezoelectricElectro-rheostatic and
Magneto-rheostatic )
Polymer Interaction
and control of water
interaction
(Improve dimensional
stability)
Particle interaction
and Grafting
(Self assembly and
reinforcement for
tensile strength, and
elasticity)
Nanotechnology
• Current Products, Approaches and New
Processes
• Current challenges
–
–
–
–
Forest Nanomaterials
Strength improvements
Water-Lignocellulose interaction
Cellulose nanocomposites
• Viscose and Rayon containing Nanoparticles
• Applications of Nanopigments and Nanocoatings
– Photonics and Electronic/Piezo properties
• What is possible?
Current Products, Approaches
and New Processes
Current products
•
Method of making paper products using calcium
carbonate nanoparticles.
– US patent: 20050247421
• Retention systems:
– http://www.tappi.org/s_tappi/doc_bookstore.asp?CID=5071&DID=52660
1
– http://www.tappi.org/s_tappi/doc_bookstore.asp?CID=5071&DID=52660
2
– http://www.papermaking-chemistry.com/spring05.htm
Cellulose Synthesis and Material Production:
Nature Working Across a Length Scale >1010!
Cellulose nanofiber bundles
~28nm
6 Assembly
proteins
(rosette)
which
produces
cellulose
nanofibers
www.ita.doc.gov/td/forestprod/
jupiter.phys.ttu.edu/corner/1999/dec99.pdf
Candace Haigler and Larry Blanton, Cellulose: “You're
surrounded by it, but did you know it was there?”
Source: Jeffery Catchmark , Penn State University
http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf
Nanotechnology in Paper Application
• Nano-Engineering Particle Surfaces
–
–
–
–
Controlled particle dispersion in polymer matrix
Improved effectiveness of light scattering
Protection of filler or pigment from external influences
Improved compatibility by promoting interaction between
filler with binder or co-binder
– Increased surface area leading to improved ink receptibility
– Stimuli responsive triggered by pH, temperature, moisture,
or magnetic response
• Nanofiber
Key – Utilized key learning in other areas. For example: nanotechnology
based on sol-gel reaction has been known in semiconductor for a long
time – re-inventing this (architectural coating, abrasive resistant topcoat in
automotive)
Controlled Modification of Clay platelets
• Physical Approach – driven by electrostatic interactions
between oppositely charged species that generates a
stable end product
• Chemical Approach – functionalization of clay surface
using covalent bonded molecules allowing the tuning of
hydrophobicity and functionality
D.J. Voorn, W. Ming, A.M. van Herk,
Macromolecular Symposia 2006, 245-246, 584590
“Dumb-bell” shaped clay with
latex on the clay surface
Electrospinning of Nanofiber
• Incorporation of Nanoparticles into
Electrospinning solution to create
Nanofibers with various properties
– (A) Encapsulation of iron oxide
Nanoparticles into Nanofibers –
conductive
– (B) Deposition of silver Nanoparticles on
the NanoFiber surface – antimicrobial
– (C) Nanofibers with porous structure –
scattering
– (D) Uniaxilly aligned Nanotubes – scatter
or perhaps controlled released?
B
A
C
D. Li, Y. Xia, Advanced Materials 2004, 16, No. 14, 1151
Application of Nanotechnology in Other Areas
• Special Effect Pigments used in printing, packaging
and specialty coating – i.e. Pearl Lustre Pigments
• Textile industry – Cousin to paper industry (both
based on cellulose products)
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–
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–
Water repellant – Nanowhiskers and Nanosphere (Nanotex and Schoeller)
UV protection fabric – sol gel method to treat the cotton fabric or nanorods
Antibacterial fabric – impregnated fabric with Nanosilver
Wrinkle resistant – incorporation of Nanosilica with maleic anhydride to
improve crosslinking to create wrinkle resistance in silk
– Catalyst paper - for Photocatalytic degradation using TiO2 Nanoparticles
• http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-zgzz200412015.html
– Optically transparent products – for electronics/displays/packaging
• http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApPhA..81.1109I
Current Challenges
Challenge 1: Forest Nanomaterials
Barriers
Goal:
Liberation and use of nanocellulose
building blocks
Nano-fractionalization and nanocatalysis for
separations;
Non covalent disassembly/reassembly
Current solutions:
Entropic effects in the assembly and
disassembly of nanomaterials in
forest
materials
Nanofiltration and low-pressure reverse osmosis membranes:
http://www.aseanbiotechnology.info/Abstract/21018571.pdf
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/00151882/1997/00000034/0000
0003/art84794
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16113640
Nanofilters
Nanocellulose Fiber: Nanofilters
http://www.zamslube.com/images/sem_filter.jpg
http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf
http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf
http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf
http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf
Barriers
Challenge 2: Improve strength
weight performance
Control of Nanostructural and
interface properties
Target:
40% fewer materials for same
performance
Selection of “designer shapes” and
multiple material compatibility
Control of hierarchical structures
60# performance with 45# CWF
Mechanical (bonding ) and optical
Performances
Measurement of nano-scale strain ,
shear and bulk moduli
Adhesion and bonding at Nano-scale
Current Solutions
1) Plant microfiber bundles with a nanometer unit web-like network
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15573377
Bending strength 310 MPa.
2) Soaking cellulose in nylon 6-6 for reinforcement
JP 2003128791
http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf
http://www.forestprod.org/woodfiber05sain2.pdf
Double tensile strength of paper with 10 nm LbL coating
•
Zheng,
McDonald,
Khillan, Su,
Shutava,
Grodzits, and
Lvov
J. Nansci. Nanotechnol. 6, 624-632, 2006
Viscose and Rayon containing Nanoparticles
• Viscose fiber: CN 2005-10104905
– Dry breaking strength 2.10 CN/dtex,
– Wet breaking strength 1.20 CN/dtex
– Dry breaking elongation 16%
• By adding 2-12% nanoscale carbon colloid with particle size
20-40 nm
• Rayon – antibacterial: CN 2005-10104907
– Nanoscale silver antibacterial agent with particle size 50-65 nm
Challange 3 : Water-lignocellulose
interaction
Target
Understand water forest materials
interactions
Control effects of water on wood and
paper properties
Barriers
Interfacial properties at nanoscale
Production of hydrophilic/hydrophobic
switchable surfaces
Biological activity control
Shed water more efficiently
News, 45 g/m²
Dry sheet
ESEM - Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
G. A. Baum 2003
Moisturized sheet
Challenge #4: Inorganic-organic
nanocomposites nanoscale surface
modification
Target:
Produce nano-composite
materials from forest materials
Barrier
Understand & control surface chemical
reactivity
Characterization of structures at
nanoscale
Measurement of physical properties at
nanoscale
Multiple material compatibility
Directed self assembly of nanocomponents
Multiple current applications:
Cellulose Nanocomposites
• Cellulose with Nanoclay
• Flame retardant: WO 2007022552
• Composite:
CN 2005-10033705
• Cellulose with carbon Nanotubes
• For electro active paper:
http://spiedl.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal
&id=PSISDG006168000001616823000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=y
es
• Composite nonwoven fabric for Medical
applications
– WO 2006060398
– US 2005142973
– US 2003-483839P
• Cellulose Nanocrystals
– http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=P
ubMed&list_uids=15762677&dopt=Abstract
Challenge 5 - Photonics and
Electronic/Piezo properties
Target
Produce Optically efficient structures
Control electronic properties of forest
materials
Barriers
Selection of controlled size and shape
building blocks
Characterization of physical structure,
interfaces, material intermixing and
defects
Self assembly of building blocks into
controlled structures
Liquid crystal structures of building
blocks (forest based and mineral)
Contact effects at nanoscale
Effect of dopants
Hybrid organic/bio/inorganic devices
What’s a Photonic Crystal
• A material containing two discrete
components having different indexes of
refraction arranged in a particular
periodic fashion
• 1D is ¼ wavelength dielectric mirror
• 3D is similar scale “holes” arranged in
a crystal-like configuration in a
dielectric medium
Steven Johnson, MIT
What Type of Mirror?
• Standard Aluminum Mirror only < 90%
efficient
• Front-Surface Silver = 95%, but tarnishes !
• Conventional Broadband Dielectric Mirror
can exceed 98% but is $200/sq.inch and is
not flexible (sputtered coatings)
• 3M ESR Polymeric Film is > 98% over the
entire visible spectrum and incident angles
and costs $15/sq.ft. and is very flexible.
• 3D Photonic Crystal Slabs > 99% over the
entire visible spectrum and incident angles.
What is possible?
• Nano-optics – control of opacity
• Nanoparticle Arrays on Surfaces for
Electronic, Optical, and Sensor Applications
• Self assembly
What is possible?
• Electronic devices
– Nanoelectromechanical memory
– Gate dielectrics
– Nanopillars for zero-field microwave generation
• Cellulose as a nanotemplate:
– http://pubs.acs.org/cgibin/abstract.cgi/bomaf6/2004/5/i03/abs/bm034532u.html