Transcript Plan Sweden - Uppsala University

Plan Sweden
Urban children’s risk and agency
Promoting child rights
to end child poverty
Olle Castell
Disaster Risk Management Advisor
1
Plan International
•
•
•
•
Child Rights organization
Active in 50 countries
Program Units – traditionally dominantly rural
8 impact areas – Disaster Risk Management is one of them
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
2
Child Centered Disaster Risk Reduction
• Children are proportionally affected
– Typically 50-60% of those affected by disasters
– Death and illness, exploitation and abuse, failure to meet right
to education, development and protection
• Children as agents for change
– Children are often portrayed as passive victims
– When provided with accurate support and protection they
have a great capacity to become agents of change
– “take the most advantaged and put them in the centre of the
process”
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
3
Urban Risks
•
•
•
The world’s population is increasingly
urban
Urban areas are increasingly recognized
as being susceptible to the impacts od
disasters and climate change
A high proportion of urban residents are
children
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
4
Is Disaster Risk Management different in Urban areas?
• Plans Toolkits largley developed and adjusted to rural contexts
• Is there a need to develop different models for urban contexts?
Rural setting
Urban setting
Village development committee
Complex municipality
administration
1-2 NGOs
Prolifiation of NGOs
Clear family structures
Low migration
Many people are not registered
by public authorites
Agricultural dependency
High migration
Salaried work/factories
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
5
Scale of risk
Disaster
Small disaster
Day-to-day risks
Frequency
Infrequent
Frequent
Every day
Scale
>10 killed
4-9 killed
1-3 killed
Impact on
premature death
and illness
Catastrophic for
particular places
and times but
overall low
Significant and
under estimated
Main cause of
premature
deatch and
serious injury
Intensive
Extensive
Resilience versus Disaster Risk Reduction
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
6
Study on Urban Child Centered Disaster Risk Reduction
• Plan International and IIED undertook a study on urban childrens risk
and agency
• Jakarta, Manila, Dhaka and Kathmandu
• Focus Group Discussions and Interviews with street children,
working children and children living in squatters and slums
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
7
Who is at risk
Urban children are generally better off than their rural counterparts.
However, this is not true for hundred of millions of children live in urban
poverty.
Risk =
Hazard x Vulnerability
Capacity
Who within an urban population is at risk?
• Those who live and work in overcrowded informal settlements
concentrated in hazard prone areas that lack basic protective
infrastructure and service
• Children, particularly girls, are disproportionally affected
• Street children, working children and children living in
squatters and slums
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
8
Urban Slums
• UN Habitat: five slum deprivations, lack of (one or more):
– Access to improved water
–
–
–
–
Access to improved sanitation
Security of tenure
Durability of housing
Sufficient living area (< 4 people/room)
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
9
City profiles
Dhaka
Kathmandu
Jakarta
Manila
% urban pop.
28% urban
17%
50%
48%
City pop
15.4 M
1 M (3-5 M)
9.7 M
11.9 M
% living in
slums
60%
7%
25%
37%
Pop/km2
20.071
19.375
131.028
18.635
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
10
• Orfan scavengers in Manila
• Parentless street children in Dhaka
• Child labourers in Kathmandu
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
11
Priority action for reducing urban children’s risks
• Enhance access to quality housing and other buildings with
appropriate basic infrastructure
• Build capacity of families and communities to cope with shocks and
stresses
• Foster shared planning processes between children and adults
• Target beneficiaries based on better understanding of the
differentials in risk between high- and low-income children
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
12
Particular aspects in Urban DRR programming
Much is same as usual, byt some things differ:
• Common goods – sewage system, piped water, public transports
instead of individual HH solutions as pit latries and wells
• More complex public administration
• Closer to central ministries (if in capital)
• Need for strong analysis to reach the most vulnerable – can’t target
all
• Proliferation of NGOs
• Dynamic population, migration
• Livelihood different - workers – not farmers. Need to address
worksite environment, factories…
Promoting child rights to end child poverty
13