Transcript Legal and Policy Framework Supporting Development of the

Internet Policy
iLaw Eurasia
eGovernance Academy
Tallinn
13-17 December 2004
James X. Dempsey
GIPI
Global Internet Policy Initiative
The Internet Today
Telephone
Telephone
VoIP
Router
3G
Cable
Modem
Cell
phone
PDA Phone
((GSM or CDMA))
Phone
Line
Laptop
Computer
VoIP
Gateway
IP Phone
DSL
Modem
IP
Network
ISP
Gateway
WiFi Access Point
Phone
Line
ISP
Gateway
PBX
Gateway
Computer
Cable Modem
Phone
Line
iPBX
(Gateway)
Telephone
Computer
IP Phone
Custom
Dialer
PBX
Telephone
1968
1968
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1998
1999
2000
Evolution of the Internet
1966 FCC commences “Computer Inquiry” - will rule that data services are
unregulated; incumbent telcos must accept competing data services
1968 Advanced Research Projects Agency starts ARPANET; FCC decision
in Carterphone case requires incumbent to accept other equipment
1970 French CYCLADES built
1973 First international connections to the ARPANET
1981 Minitel deployed across France
1982 TCP/IP adopted
1983 EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established
1986 NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps)
1990 CA*net (national Canadian backbone) connected
1991 Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) formed after NSF lifts restrictions
on the commercial use; gopher released by U. of Minnesota; World
Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN
1993 NSF role ends; Mosaic Web browser released by U. of Illinois
1995 Traditional online dial-up systems (e.g., CompuServe, America Online,
Prodigy) begin to provide Internet access
1997 Consumer use of Internet grows dramatically, driven by
flat rate pricing
Evolution of the Internet - Recent Developments
1997
1998
1998
1999
1999
2000
2001
2001
2002
2003
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1998 US Dept. of Commerce signs off on Internet Corporation for Assigned
Numbers (ICANN) to develop a process for transitioning DNS
management from government to private sector
1999 ICANN announces five testbed registrars for .com, .net and .org: AOL,
CORE, France Telecom/Oleane, Melbourne IT, Register.com
1999 Wireless Markup Language (WML) and Wireless Application Protocol
(WAP) are released
2001 Code Red worm and Sircam virus infiltrate thousands of web servers
and e-mail accounts causing a spike in Internet bandwidth usage
2001 September 11th attack on US World Trade Center – Internet performs
successfully
2003 Hundreds of Spain based web sites take their content offline to protest a
new law requiring commercial web sites to register with the Spanish
government
2003 SQL slammer worm takes 10 minutes to spread worldwide affecting tens
of thousand of servers and applications such as bank ATM systems, air
traffic control and emergency 911 systems
The Protocol “Stack”
Domain
E-mail
File
Name
Service
Service
Transfer
World Wide Web
protocol Access
• TCP/IP is a software
that enables data networks
with incompatible protocols
and operating systems to
interoperate
– Any computer to any computer
– Any device to any device
• TCP/IP separates
applications/services from
transport, different from the
voice network
– Enables entry at edges
– The type of the network
(electric, co-axial, wireless,
satellite, fiber) no longer
dictates the application or
services
HTTP
{
SMTP
POP3
TCP
IP
DNS
FTP
(Transmission
Control
Protocol)
(Internet
Protocol)
Packet Switching
Fiber, Copper, Wireless
Many Entities Are Engaged in Internet
“Governance”
• International government bodies
– Standards setting - ITU
– Consultative - WSIS, APEC
– Advisory - OECD,
• Regional governmental or treaty-based - EU, COE,
OAS
• National governments
• International non-governmental standards bodies
– ICANN
– W3C
– IETF
• Contractual or cooperative arrangements among
private corporations - peering agreements
• Decisions of individual users
Internet Governance
International
Spectrum policy ITU
Trade policy
Internet standards
IETF, W3C
WTO
Domain names
Regional
Cyber-crime
ICANN
COE
Development aid
CERTs
National
Cyber-security
Company/Local
Peering
Spam
Individual
Taxation
Censorship
Telecom regulation
E-government
On-line privacy
User Decisions
Filtering/Publishing
No government
All government
Degree of government involvement
Global ICT Policy Themes, Issues and Venues
Policy Theme
Policy Issues
Global Venues
Wireless and Radio Spectrum Allocation
(new services, frequency harmonization,
etc.)
ITU
ITU, IETF, W3C, WTO, GBDe
Convergence and
Universal Access and Interoperability
(bottlenecks, essential facilities, anti-trust,
emerging standards, etc.)
Digitalization
Common identifiers (domain names,
ENUM, Object identifiers, etc.)
ICANN, IETF, WIPO
Regulatory reforms (redefining regulatory
spheres, converged agencies, etc.)
Worldbank, IMF, various others
Consumer protection (cross border
redress and dispute resolution, jursdiction,
etc.)
OECD, ITU, WIPO, UNCITRAL, GBDe
Electronic contracts and signatures
(authentication, standards, model laws,
etc.)
UNCITRAL, IETF, W#C, OECD
Intellectual property (copyright, tramar,
ISP liability, etc.)
WIPO, ICANN, WTO
Network security (cyber crime, hacking,
critical infrastructure, etc.)
ICANN, WIPO, ITU, UNESCO, WSIS
Global
Information
Language and cultural diversity
(multilingual domain names, content
diversity, etc.)
ICANN, WIPO, ITU, UNESCO, WSIS
Society
Market conditions (ICT for Trade, pricing,
affordable inputs, credit, taxation, etc.)
WTO, UNCTAD
Networked
Economy