Languages and genes: recent work and emerging results Aussois: 22-25 September 2005 EUROPEAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION EUROCORES (EUROpean Science Foundation COllaborative RESearch) Programme Workshop

The formation of East Asian Language families: a partial scenario.

organized with the support of the SHS department of CNRS

L. Sagart

1

, with the collaboration of Alicia Sanchez-Mazas

2

, Estella 'Sim' Poloni

2

and Barbara Arredi

2,3 1 CNRS, Paris; 2 Dept. of Anthropology and Ecology, University of Geneva; 3 Dept. of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova

This presentation

► Reflects my ideas on East Asian language history ► Makes crucial use of results obtained within OHLL project "Languages and Genes in East Asia". ► Project members:  E. 'Sim' Poloni (co-director). U. of Geneva.

   A. Sanchez-Mazas. U. of Geneva.

G. Jacques. U. of Paris 5.

recent collaborator: B. Arredi. U. of Padova; U. of Geneva

Main productions of our group:

Sanchez-Mazas, A., E. S. Poloni, G. Jacques and L. Sagart (2005) HLA genetic diversity and linguistic variation in East Asia. In: L. Sagart, R. Blench, A. Sanchez-Mazas (eds): The peopling of East Asia: putting together archaeology, linguistics and genetics 273-296. Londres: RoutledgeCurzon.

Poloni, E. S., A. Sanchez-Mazas, G. Jacques, L. Sagart (2005) Comparing linguistic and genetic relationships among east asian populations: a study of the Rh and GM polymorphisms. In: L. Sagart, R. Blench, A. Sanchez-Mazas (eds): The peopling of East Asia: putting together archaeology, linguistics and genetics , 252-272. Londres: RoutledgeCurzon.

MDS of genetic distances among 102 populations samples computed on GM frequency distributions (stress value 0.085) Northern Tibeto-Burman (Tibetan) Northern Mandarin samples Wu and southwestern Mandarin samples Southern Chinese (southwestern Mandarin and other southern dialects), southern Tibeto-Burman (Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Kiranti, Loloish, Bai, Tujia samples)

source

: Poloni, E. S., A. Sanchez-Mazas, G. Jacques, L. Sagart (2005) Comparing linguistic and genetic relationships among east asian populations: a study of the Rh and GM polymorphisms. In: L. Sagart, R. Blench, A. Sanchez-Mazas (eds):

The peopling of East Asia: putting together archaeology, linguistics and genetics

, 252-272. Londres: RoutledgeCurzon.

A genetic boundary across Sino-Tibetan

SAMOVA analysis of GM data

► Samova: Dupanloup, I., Schneider, S., Excoffier, L. (2002) A simulated annealing approach to define the genetic structure of populations. Ecology 11(12):2571-81 Molecular ► ► GM data 118 East Asian populations

GM: SAMOVA on 118 population samples (search for genetic differentiation between geographic groups) Altaic Austronesian Austro-Asiatic Hmong-Mien Japanese-Ainu Tai-Kadai Korean Sino-Tibetan Thanks to Estella ‘Sim’ Poloni !

GM: SAMOVA on 118 population samples (search for genetic differentiation between geographic groups) Altaic Austronesian Austro-Asiatic Hmong-Mien Japanese-Ainu Tai-Kadai Korean Sino-Tibetan Thanks to Estella ‘Sim’ Poloni !

GM: SAMOVA on 118 population samples (search for genetic differentiation between geographic groups) genetic boundary Altaic Austronesian Austro-Asiatic Hmong-Mien Japanese-Ainu Tai-Kadai Korean Sino-Tibetan Thanks to Estella ‘Sim’ Poloni !

GM: SAMOVA on 118 population samples (search for genetic differentiation between geographic groups) genetic boundary  separation into 2 groups: F CT = 24.6% (P < 0.001) Altaic Austronesian Austro-Asiatic Hmong-Mien Japanese-Ainu Tai-Kadai Korean Sino-Tibetan Thanks to Estella ‘Sim’ Poloni !

Boundary is stable

► whether or not Altaic populations are included; ► regardless of number of output groups asked for (2, 3, 4, 5).

This boundary

► corresponds closely to the linguistic boundary between N and SW/SE Mandarin ► shown by Zavjalova (1983) to follow the political boundary between the Jin (Djurchet, Altaic-speaking) and southern Song (Chinese) territories in the 12th-13th centuries CE and later (14th century) between the Yuan (Mongolian-speaking) and southern Song.

ANOVAs on GM data

► F CT : Proportion of the total genetic variation (here GM) that is due to differences between East Asian groups compared 2 by 2.

► 128 East Asian populations ► Linguistically and geographically defined groups as in preceding MDS

North –south differentiation

NC (19) SC (22) WSE (17) NTB (5) STB (7) AA (4) DA (11) HM (3) TW (13) ALT(14) JAK(13) 0.143*** 0.022*** 0.025*** 0.125*** 0.273*** 0.304*** 0.222*** 0.267*** 0.018***

0.021***

NC (19)

0.009***

0.059*** 0.264***

0.0002

0.053** 0.060*** 0.024** 0.045***

0.220*** 0.239***

SC (22)

0.008*** 0.014*** 0.005*** 0.016*** 0.012***

0.086*** 0.048*** 0.176*** 0.203*** 0.129** 0.169***

0.067*** 0.080***

WSE (17) 0.239** 0.442** 0.500*** 0.369* 0.452***

-0.0014

0.0004

NTB (5)

0.013*** 0.025*** 0.022*** 0.037*** 0.011*** 0.025*** 0.020*** 0.045*** 0.073*** 0.057*

0.077***

0.0260

0.062***

0.191*** 0.218***

STB (7)

-0.0110

-0.0140

-0.0003

0.350*** 0.375***

AA (4)

0.012*** 0.024*** 0.020*** 0.033*** 0.052*** 0.066*** 0.005*** 0.018*** 0.013*** 0.016*** 0.052*** 0.085*** 0.045*** 0.0070

0.015* 0.397*** 0.405***

DA (11)

-0.0040

0.292** 0.324**

HM (3)

0.008*** 0.020*** 0.016*** 0.024*** 0.046*** 0.058*** 0.043*** 0.033*** 0.358*** 0.371***

TW (13)

0.033*** 0.045*** 0.042*** 0.067*** 0.074*** 0.086*** 0.072*** 0.078*** 0.070*** 0.004*

ALT(14)

0.008*** 0.013*** 0.012*** 0.011*** 0.018*** 0.017*** 0.017*** 0.012*** 0.014*** 0.037***

JAK(13)

Below diagonal = Fct Above diagonal = Fsc Number of permutations = 100'000 * 0.01 < P < 0.05

** 0.001 < P < 0.01

*** P < 0.001

in bold:

not significant significant 5% but not 1% significant 1% or 0.1% Fct > Fsc Thanks to Alicia Sanchez-Mazas!

Northern ST closer to Altaic and Japanese/Korean than to southern ST

NC (19) SC (22) WSE (17) NTB (5) STB (7) AA (4) DA (11) HM (3) TW (13) ALT(14) JAK(13) 0.143*** 0.022*** 0.025*** 0.125*** 0.273*** 0.304*** 0.222*** 0.267*** 0.018***

0.021***

NC (19)

0.009***

0.059*** 0.264***

0.0002

0.053** 0.060*** 0.024** 0.045***

0.220*** 0.239***

SC (22)

0.008*** 0.014*** 0.005*** 0.016*** 0.012***

0.086*** 0.048*** 0.176*** 0.203*** 0.129** 0.169***

0.067*** 0.080***

WSE (17) 0.239** 0.442** 0.500*** 0.369* 0.452***

-0.0014

0.0004

NTB (5)

0.013*** 0.025*** 0.022*** 0.037*** 0.011*** 0.025*** 0.020*** 0.045*** 0.073*** 0.057*

0.077***

0.0260

0.062***

0.191*** 0.218***

STB (7)

-0.0110

-0.0140

-0.0003

0.350*** 0.375***

AA (4)

0.012*** 0.024*** 0.020*** 0.033*** 0.052*** 0.066*** 0.005*** 0.018*** 0.013*** 0.016*** 0.052*** 0.085*** 0.045*** 0.0070

0.015* 0.397*** 0.405***

DA (11)

-0.0040

0.292** 0.324**

HM (3)

0.008*** 0.020*** 0.016*** 0.024*** 0.046*** 0.058*** 0.043*** 0.033*** 0.358*** 0.371***

TW (13)

0.033*** 0.045*** 0.042*** 0.067*** 0.074*** 0.086*** 0.072*** 0.078*** 0.070*** 0.004*

ALT(14)

0.008*** 0.013*** 0.012*** 0.011*** 0.018*** 0.017*** 0.017*** 0.012*** 0.014*** 0.037***

JAK(13)

Below diagonal = Fct Above diagonal = Fsc Number of permutations = 100'000 * 0.01 < P < 0.05

** 0.001 < P < 0.01

*** P < 0.001

in bold:

not significant significant 5% but not 1% significant 1% or 0.1% Fct > Fsc Thanks to Alicia Sanchez-Mazas!

MDS GM 143 populations (stress = 0.108) Malayo-Polynesian Altaic Korean Austronesian-Taiwan Han-North TB North Miao-Yao Japanese Tai-Kadai Austro-Asiatic Han-South TB South -2 -1,5 -1 1,5 Altaics Japanese Koreans 1 Tibeto-Burmans N Han N 0,5 0 Tai-Kadai -0,5 0 -0,5 Centre and west coast Taiwan Austronesians East coast -1 -1,5 0,5 Thanks to Alicia 1 1,5 Sanchez-Mazas !

-2

closeness of northern ST and Altaic or Japanese-Korean looked at from other systems: ► HVS1 (mtDNA) ► Y chromosome SNPs ► HLA-DRB1

MDS HVS1 (mtDNA) 115 populations (stress = 0.183) Altaic Austronesian-Taiwan Malayo-Polynesian Austro-Asiatic Japanese Tai-Kadai Korean Hmong-Mien Han North Han South TB North TB South mostly: Altaics, Japanese Koreans Tibeto-Burmans N Han N mostly: Tai-Kadai and Hmong-Mien -2,5 -2 -1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 Taiwan Austronesians 1,5 1 3 2,5 2 0,5 0 -0,5 -1 -1,5 -2 1 Thanks to Estella ‘Sim’ Poloni !

-2,5 2,5 -3 1,5 2

MDS Y chromosome SNPs 76 populations (stress = 0.218) mostly: Altaics Japanese, Koreans Atayal 2,5 2 1,5 Malayo-Polynesian Hmong-Mien Altaic Japanese Korean Tai-Kadai Austronesian-Taiwan Austro-Asiatic Han North Han South TB North TB South -3 -2,5 -2 Hui -1,5 -1 -0,5 0 0,5 1 Thanks to Barbara Arredi !

1,5 2 1 Tai-Kadai 0,5 0 -0,5 -1 -1,5 2,5 3 -2

MDS analysis of 27 East Asian populations based on the HLA-DRB1 polymorphism Southern Chinese Northern Chinese S=0.291

Source: Sanchez-Mazas et al. (2005), p. 279

HLA-DRB1

► In the northern Chinese group:     Guanxian undifferentiated from Manchu Urumqi Chinese undifferentiated from Manchu, Urumqi Chinese undifferentiated from Khalk (Mongol) Urumqi Chinese undifferentiated from Khazak (Turkic) (F ST among populations tested by 10,000 random permutations) Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, p.c. Sept 15, 2005

Proximity of southern ST to other southern groups

► Long observed (Cavalli-Sforza for Chinese) ► Usual explanation:    ST homeland is in northern China Northern Chinese/TB best reflects original ST Southern Chinese has diverged because of ‘Austric’ gene flow following colonization of south China, c. 2000 BP.

Problems for the ‘usual’ interpretation:

1.

Northern ST closer to Altaic than to southern ST: strange. 2.

Most of the ST linguistic diversity is in the southern group.

Gene flow from Austric ?

► L. Reid (2005), principal proponent of ‘Austric’ theory: “With the accumulation of evidence presented by Sagart in this volume and elsewhere, that Austronesian can also be shown to be genetically related to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages (…) the possibility exists that the relationship between Austroasiatic and Austronesian is more remote than earlier considered. The concept of Austric as a language family may eventually need to be abandoned in favour of a wider language family, which can be shown to include both AN and AA language families , but not necessarily as sisters of a common ancestor” Source: Reid, L. (2005) The current status of Austric. In: L.Sagart, R. Blench and A. Sanchez-Mazas (eds.)

The Peopling of East Asia

, pp.17-30. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

Is closeness to Altaic an original characteristic of ST populations ?

Reasons for thinking that northern Chinese closeness to Altaic is not original

Exhibit 1: ancient mtDNA study of 2 Shandong populations

Two early Shandong populations (c. 2500 BP; c. 2000 BP) closer to modern southern Chinese than to modern northern Chinese, incl. Shandong.

Yong-Gang Yao, Qing-Peng Kong, Xiao-Yong Man, Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, and Ya-Ping Zhang (2003) Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of China: A caveat about inferences drawn from Ancient DNA, Mol Biol Evol 20(2): 214-219

Exhibit 2: episodes of Altaic domination of N. China

► ► ► ► ► ► Sixteen Kingdoms (Toba: Early Mongolians): 300 430 CE Northern Wei dynasty (Xianbei: early Mongolian) : 386-534 CE Liao dynasty (Khitan: Tungusic ?): 907-1119 CE Jin dynasty (Jurchet: early Manchu ?): 1115-1234 CE Yuan dynasty (Mongol): 1271-1368 CE Qing dynasty (Manchu): 1644-1911 CE

Results on N. Chinese populations:

► very high wartime mortality of Chinese populations in the north ► large-scale N. Chinese migrations to south China ► settling of N. China by Altaic-speaking populations ► Settled Altaic populations and ruling class become bilingual in Chinese, then shift to Chinese

consequences of language shift: Altaic substratum in northern Mandarin

► in grammar  Hashimoto 1984 (higher incidence of verb-final patterns in n. Mandarin) ► in pronunciation  Cheng 2002 (in N. Mandarin, elimination of vowel sequences violating Altaic vowel harmony)

Evidence for an Altaic substratum in northern TB

 Gong 2002 (Altaic case endings in TB languages, especially northern: Tibetan, Tangut)

Conclusions for part I

► ► ► convergence of:  Historical evidence   Linguistic evidence Ancient DNA evidence suggests that Northern ST populations  genetically close to Altaic because of massive Altaic gene flow in past 2000 years Southern ST  Has most of the ST linguistic diversity  Is Closer to ‘original ST’

Part II: focus on the south

► proximity between southern ST and     Austroasiatic Hmong-Mien Austronesian (Taiwan) Tai-Kadai manifested for the GM system in low Fct values between them:

proximity between ST and AA, TK, AN, Hm-M

NC (19) SC (22) WSE (17) NTB (5) STB (7) AA (4) DA (11) HM (3) TW (13) ALT(14) JAK(13) 0.143*** 0.022*** 0.025*** 0.125*** 0.273*** 0.304*** 0.222*** 0.267*** 0.018***

0.021***

NC (19)

0.009***

0.059*** 0.264***

0.0002

0.053** 0.060*** 0.024** 0.045***

0.220*** 0.239***

SC (22)

0.008*** 0.014*** 0.005*** 0.016*** 0.012***

0.086*** 0.048*** 0.176*** 0.203*** 0.129** 0.169***

0.067*** 0.080***

WSE (17) 0.239** 0.442** 0.500*** 0.369* 0.452***

-0.0014

0.0004

NTB (5)

0.013*** 0.025*** 0.022*** 0.037*** 0.011*** 0.025*** 0.020*** 0.045*** 0.073*** 0.057*

0.077***

0.0260

0.062***

0.191*** 0.218***

STB (7)

-0.0110

-0.0140

-0.0003

0.350*** 0.375***

AA (4)

0.012*** 0.024*** 0.020*** 0.033*** 0.052*** 0.066*** 0.005*** 0.018*** 0.013*** 0.016*** 0.052*** 0.085*** 0.045*** 0.0070

0.015* 0.397*** 0.405***

DA (11)

-0.0040

0.292** 0.324**

HM (3)

0.008*** 0.020*** 0.016*** 0.024*** 0.046*** 0.058*** 0.043*** 0.033*** 0.358*** 0.371***

TW (13)

0.033*** 0.045*** 0.042*** 0.067*** 0.074*** 0.086*** 0.072*** 0.078*** 0.070*** 0.004*

ALT(14)

0.008*** 0.013*** 0.012*** 0.011*** 0.018*** 0.017*** 0.017*** 0.012*** 0.014*** 0.037***

JAK(13)

Below diagonal = Fct Above diagonal = Fsc Number of permutations = 100'000 * 0.01 < P < 0.05

** 0.001 < P < 0.01

*** P < 0.001

in bold:

not significant significant 5% but not 1% significant 1% or 0.1% Fct > Fsc Thanks to Alicia Sanchez-Mazas!

in short:

southern Sino-Tibetans Taiwan Austronesians Tai-Kadais less reliably Austroasiatics and Hmong-Miens show: ► significant but low group-to-group differentiations

Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian linguistic theory

Proto-Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian: c. 8500 BP, NE China Sino-Tibetan Austronesian Sagart, L. (2005) Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian: an updated and improved argument. In L. Sagart, R. Blench and A. Sanchez-Mazas (eds) peopling of East Asia: Putting together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics 161-176. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

The

sound correspondences general case

to shoot brain vomit/spit

e a h

breast head Proto-AN panaq punuq utaq

a q

nunuh quluh Old Chinese 弩 a naʔ crossbow 腦 a nuʔ 吐 a thaʔ 土 a thaʔ 乳 b no ʔ 首 b hlu ʔ TB Benedict PTB nuk Lushai chāk

< a k

Benedict *nuw Lushai lu

The Swadesh 100-word list

(in green : 13 words shared by Chinese and PAN) I

, you (sg.), we,

this

, that, who, what, not, all, many,

one

, two, big, long, small, woman, man, human (n), fish, bird, dog, louse, tree, seed, leaf, root, bark (of tree), skin, flesh, blood, bone, fat (n.),

egg

,

horn

, tail, feather, hair (of head),

head

, ear, eye, nose, mouth, tongue, tooth, claw, foot, knee, hand, neck, belly, breast(s) , heart, liver, drink, eat, bite, hear, see, know,

sleep say

(vb.),

die

, kill, swim, fly (vb.), walk, come, lie (recline), sit, stand, give, , sun, moon, star, water, rain (n.), stone, sand,

earth

, cloud, smoke, fire, ash(es), burn (intr.), path, mountain, red, green, yellow, white, black, night,

hot

, cold, full, new, good, round,

dry

, name.

13 basic vocabulary items shared by Old Chinese and PAN meaning I this one egg horn head breast(s) sleep (vb.) die say hot earth dry proto-Austronesian ku di is-a qiCeluR quRung quluh nunuh -zem maCay kawaS qanget -taq -kaR Old Chinese a nga b dï b ?it

a lor?

a k-rok b hlu?

b no?

b tshim?

b sij?

b wat b nget a tha?

a kar TB ka, nga Tib. Ndi it twiy rung Lushai lu nuw Tib. gzim siy Tib. s-go < w- Burmese kân < -r

Shared Morphology 1 prefix s- 'valency increaser'

► ► ► Austronesian: Atayal 

m -

NuNu/ 'to be afraid' 

s -

NuNu/ 'to frighten' Old Chinese   順 * b m-lun-s ‘ to be pliant, obedient ’ 馴 * b s -m-lun ‘ to tame' Tibetan  'bar 'to burn, catch fire, be ignited'  s -bar 'to light, to kindle, to inflame'

Shared Morphology 2 prefix m-/N- 'intransitive'

► ► ► Proto-Austronesian:  pa-Cay 'to kill' (pa- causative)  ma -Cay 'to die, dead' Old Chinese  夾 a krep ‘to press between’  狹 a N -krep ‘narrow’ TB: Gyarong   k   k  m  ‘to split’ ‘to be rent’

Shared morphology 3: -n nominalizer of verbs

► ►   Tibetan za-ba 'to eat' za n 'food, pap, porridge'   Austronesian: Paiwan kan 'eat' kan en ‘food’

Formation of the STAN phylum

► Bellwood/Renfrew farming/language hypothesis ► The STAN phylum as a farming expansion based on rice and foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

A field of Setaria italica in n. China (courtesy: Tracey Lu)

Neolithic transition(s) in N. China

domestication of Setaria italica, c. 8500 BP.

domestication of rice, c. 10.000 BP Illustration from Lu 2005, modified

Bellwood's recent hypothesis on East Asia

1.

2.

3.

Only one neolithic transition in east Asia: domestication of rice, c. 10,000 BP; followed by population expansion The northernmost farmers obliged to domesticate a second cereal: Setaria italica, c. 8500 BP [in Sagart, Blench and Sanchez-Mazas (eds) The Peopling of East Asia London: RoutledgeCurzon]

Distribution of Setaria Italica (foxtail millet) c. 5000 BP (source: Lu 2005, slightly mo'd.)

Distribution of millet cultivation c. 5000 BP:

► North China (nuclear area) ► Tibet ► Taiwan Precisely the area of Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian

STAN cereal-related terms

husked rice rice in grains/cooked grains of rice Setaria italica PAN beRas Semay beCe ŋ Chinese 糲 b m ə -rat-s 米 a mij ʔ 稷 b ts ə k TB Tib. 'bras 'rice' < m-ras Bodo-Garo may 'cooked rice; rice; paddy' Lhokpu c ə k

Tai-Kadai as a branch of Austronesian

Sagart, L. (2004) The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai-Kadai.

Oceanic Linguistics

43,2: 411-444.

Sagart's phylogeny for STAN Old additive expression meaning '5+2' is reduced to

pitu

'seven ' New word for 'six':

enem;

New word for 'year':

kawaS

PSTAN Additive expressions meaning '5+3' and '5+4' reduced to new words

walu

'eight' and

Siwa

'nine' New word for 'ten' New morphological process Pang-V > instrumental noun 1

PST

PAN Pituish Enemish Walu_Siwaish Puluqish MaRish Atayalic Rukai_Tsouic

Pazeh Luilang Saisiat Western Plains Atayal Sediq Siraya Bunun Tsouic Rukai Paiwan Puyuma Amis

New word for 'thou'; new word for 'bird' Muish

PTK

NE_Formosan

Kavalan Ketagalan

Proposed:

► Belwood's northern farmers, c. 8500 BP     spoke proto-sino-tibetan-austronesian In north-eastern China (Yellow Valley, Huai Valley) Had millet, rice, chickens; Expanded: ► An Eastern branch reached the eastern seaboard c. 7000 BP and eventually Taiwan c. 5500 BP, Philippines 4000 BP, N; Vietnam 4000 BP (Tai-Kadai) ► The stay-at-homes evolved into the ST family, expanding westward, reaching Tibet in the 6th mill. BP

Yangshao culture: Proto-Sino Tibetan, c. 7000 BP domestication of Setaria italica, c. L’Asie orientale (Encarta 2000) Beixin-Dawenkou: pre austronesian culture, c. 7000 6000 BP 1 3 2 W. Taiwan, Dapenkeng culture 5500 BP Karuo, Tibet c. 5300 BP Out of Taiwan II: Tai-Kadai, c. 4000 BP 4 Out of Taiwan I: Malayo Polynesian, c. 4000 BP expansion of Sino-Tibetan-Austronesian Setaria farmers

Markers for the southward coastal expansion of the pre-Austronesians:

1. grains of contexts:

Setaria italica

  in archeaological Dawenkou culture, c. 6000-5000 BP Taiwan west coast, c. 5000 BP

carbonized grains of Setaria from Tainan, Taiwan c. 5000 BP source: Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2005) Recent discoveries at a Tapenkeng culture site in Taiwan: implications for the problem of Austronesian origins. In L. Sagart, R. Blench and A. Sanchez Mazas (eds)

The peopling of East Asia: Putting together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics

. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

Markers for the southward coastal expansion of the pre-Austronesians:

2. Tooth evulsion: ritual extraction of upper lateral incisors; in boys and girls, in adolescence:    Dawenkou culture ca. 6500- BP Taiwan west coast ca. 5000 BP Nowhere else at those early dates

tooth evulsion

A Y-chromosome mutation with a correlated distribution:

The M119 mutation (and corresponding O1 haplotype) is carried by many more individuals in the Eastern branch of STAN than elsewhere:

M119

Highest frequency on the Eastern Chinese seaboard:    speakers of Chinese dialects Taiwan Austronesians Tai-Kadais (really Austronesians) Low frequency among    Tibeto-Burmans Altaic Japanese-Korean

O1-M119 in East Asia # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Thanks to Estella ‘Sim’ Poloni !

# # # #

O1-M119 among non-ST

Kazakh

#

Altai

#

Uzbek

#

Uygur

#

Siberian Evenk

#

Buryat

# # #

Mongolian_1 Chinese_Evenk

# #

Mongolian_2

#

Oroqen Manchu_2

#

Manchu_1

#

Korean

#

Japanese Bouyei Vietnamese

# # #

Zhuang_1

#

Zhuang_2

#

Yao

# #

She Miao Thailandese

#

Cam bodian

#

Batak

#

Atayal

# #

Taiw anese_Aborigene

#

Philippino

#

Malaysian

Thanks to Estella ‘Sim’ Poloni !

W_Indonesian

#

Balinese East_Indonesian

# #

O1-M119 among ST # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Thanks to Estella ‘Sim’ Poloni !

Conclusions

► ► ► ► ► northern ST is linguistically and genetically "altaicized" southern ST is 'original ST' southern ST genetically close to southern groups: Austronesian, Tai-Kadai, Hmong-Mien, Austroasiatic But results for Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic need to be confirmed on a larger number of population samples Genetic data do not contradict Sino-Austronesian theory in a major way

Thank you for your attention This presentation will be posted on the conference website comments: [email protected]