Transcript GIS Programs - Regionale Economie Groningen

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19 Advanced
Summer School in
Regional Science
An introduction to GIS using
ArcGIS
Outline
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First Day
– Introduction to GIS using ArcGIS
– Training with ArcGIS
– Overview and more advanced directions
– Training with ArcGIS
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Second Day
– GIS topics with ArcGIS: Raster and other data
– Training with ArcGIS
– Overview and advanced data manipulation
– Training with ArcGIS
Early (1507) GIS
Martin Waldseemüller Map
GIS Programs
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Is GIS a map? Is a map GIS?
– Collect, organize and relate spatial and non-spatial data
– Measure and calculate variables in a ‘spatially sensible’ fashion
– Make inferences and test hypotheses about relationships that
might have spatial structure, and about the spatial structure itself
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Map can be viewed as a limited GIS
GIS is more than mapping – visual display of spatial
information
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Mapping does not necessarily permit measurement/calculation
Mapping rarely ventures into inference or hypothesis testing
Complete GIS implemented using computer programs
Combined graphics editing, database, statistical analysis
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This course is focused on use of ArcGIS
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There are many other programs worth exploring
There is a “free” way
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http://www.freegis.org
Google Earth
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Particularly useful for data display
ArcGIS
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ArcGIS is a suite of programs for working with
spatial data
 Three core “workhorse” programs
– ArcCatalog
– ArcMap
– ArcToolbox
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Three useful extras
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– ArcReader
– ArcScene
– ArcGlobe
ArcGIS itself comes in 3 levels: view, editor and info
ArcCatalog
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View folder
contents
 Connect to
and navigate
drives/folders
 Launch other
ArcGIS
applications
ArcCatalog
Preview
GIS data
 Examine
‘Metadata’
 Search and
preview
online data
 Load data
layers into
ArcMap
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ArcMap
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The central workspace for analysis an
display of geographic data
Table of Contents
Tools
Map
ArcMap
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Layers
– ArcMap and all
advanced GIS
programs adopt
‘layers’ for managing
data display
– Layers display can
depend on scale
– Layers can be
switched on or off
– Layers can be
moved up or down
– Layers can be of any
data type
ArcToolbox
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Launched from
ArcCatalog
using red
toolbox
 Provides data
and file utilities
– Conversion
– Projection
– Analysis
ArcToolbox
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For simple projects
these tools are often
not required
For large projects with
many layers using data
from many sources,
they can be very useful
Essential for managing
projections and
coordinate systems
Raster combinations,
clipping
Conversions
Working with spatial data
Each component of ArcGIS is designed to
facilitate the use and analysis of spatial
data
 Structure of spatial data
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Spatial Data
Vector Data
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Raster Data
We have choice of which type to use
Data Types: Vector
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Vector data ideal for representation of
discrete, discontinuous data
– Location of a city or structure
– Location of a roadway or river
– Political boundaries
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These examples correspond to the three
general types of vector data
Data Types: Vector
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Vector
– Points
– Lines
– Polygons
Data Types: Raster
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Raster represents spatial data as square array of numbers
– Each element of array associated with a pixel
– Each pixel has a location – spatial structure
– Value of array element represents data at that location
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Rasters are natural for representing certain types of data
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Elevation
Slope
Temperature
Other continuous variables
Rasters can be used for representing some discontinuous
data as well
– Transport costs
– Land Use
Data Types: Raster
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Rasters provide direct representation of value, not shape
Represent continuous variables or data over space
Patterns of values can represent shape
Land forms and other structures emerge via patterns
Data Files
Vector data and raster data require different
file formats
 In ArcGIS, vector data are mostly stored in
two formats
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– Shapefiles (older format – wide compatibility)
– GeoDatabase (newer format – more
information)
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What is the structure of a “shapefile”?
Shapefiles
A group of files having the same
prefix but varying file extensions
 Required:
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– .shp - the file that stores the feature
geometry. Required.
– .shx - the file that stores the index of the
feature geometry. Required.
– .dbf - the dBASE file that stores the
attribute information of features.
Required.
Shapefiles
A group of files having the same
prefix but varying file extensions
 Optional:
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– .sbn and .sbx - the files that store the
spatial index of the features.
– .prj - the file that stores the coordinate
system and projection information
– .xml - metadata for using shapefiles on
the Internet.
– .fbn and .fbx – read-ony indexes
– .ain and .aih - active field indexes
Shapefiles
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Viewed in
Windows
Explorer
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Viewed in
ArcCatalog
Shapefiles
Components of a shapefile are called “features”
 Each feature may have one or more “attributes”
 Feature attributes are recorded in dbf file
 Shapefiles can be created within ArcCatalog
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– Right click on folder, choose New..Shapefile
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Shapefiles do not store “topological” information
– Polygons that must share boundaries
– Line segments that must be connected
– No automatic way to check if these have been
disturbed or incorrectly entered
GeoDatabase
GeoDatabase provides an extended format
for vector data
 Microsoft Access mdb format
 28 tables
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– GDB_AnnoSymbols to
– GDB_ValidRules
– More type checking
– More checking of topology
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Conversion between formats is available in
ArcToolbox
Structure of a GeoDatabase
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Standard
information
– Feature Data
– Info about
each field
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Additional
information
– Topological
information
– Data
validation
Raster Files
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Files that include geographic location
– ESRI Grid
– Geo-TIFF
– BIL
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Files that present raster data but lack location
– jpg
– TIFF
– Many others
ArcCatalog Test Drive
Preview Data 
 View MetaData 
 Create New Files 
 Launch Toolbox 
 Launch ArcMap 
 Add Layers 
 Connect to 
Internet
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– Feature Servers
– Map Servers
ArcToolbox Test Drive
Projection 
 Conversion 
 Indexing 
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ArcMap Basics
Adding Map Layers 
 Data Frame(s) 
 Frame Properties and Layer Properties 
 Features and Attributes 
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ArcMap Basics
Handling Layers 
 Symbology 
 Transparency 
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View at Map Scale 
ArcMap Basics
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Selecting Features 
– Controlling selection layers
– Creating new layer from selection
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Queries 
– Basic information
– Attribute queries
– Spatial queries
Calculating New Attributes 
 Exporting Data 
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ArcMap Basics
Adding Data Frames 
 Working with Layout View 
 Scales, Titles and Legends 
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ArcMap Intermediate: Data
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Joining Data
– One to one
– One to many
Relating Data
 Creating Point Shapefile from Data
 Editing Data
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– Creating
– Merging
– Modifying