Transcript THE GREAT DEPRESSION - Christian Brothers High School

The Great
Depression and the
New Deal
1933-1938
Chapter 36
GUIDING QUESTIONS
How successful was the
Roosevelt Administration’s “New
Deal” in solving the problems of
the Great Depression?
(Consider: relief, Recovery, Reform; e.g. Agricultural Adjustment Act; Securities and Exchange Commission; Wagner National Labor Relations Act; Social Security Act)
How did it change the role of the federal
government?
How did it fashion a more stable economy and a
more equitable society?
1932 ELECTION
Franklin D. Roosevelt
attitude toward
government
“New Deal”
Franklin D. Roosevelt,
1920 Vice Presidential
nominee for Democratic
Party
Roosevelt Campaigning for Office in Kansas 1932
1932 ELECTION
Hoover
“The Worst is Past"
"Prosperity is Just
Around the Corner"
1932 ELECTION
Results
Electoral Shift, 1928 and 1932
1932 ELECTION
Lame-duck period (Nov. 1932March 3, 1933)
banking industry collapse
Twentieth Amendment (1933)
Bank
Failures,
1929-1933
Bank
Failures,
1929-1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt and
Herbert Hoover on the way
to FDR's inauguration,
March 4, 1933
(Library of Congress)
FDR: A “NEW DEAL”
“A New Deal for the
American People”
"The only thing we have to
fear is fear itself.“
confidence, optimism,
public relations
“Fireside chats”
Eleanor Roosevelt
“Brains Trust”
Goals: “Three R’s” - relief,
recovery, reform
Roosevelt Delivering a Fireside Chat, 1935
FDR Holding a Press Conference, 1939
Eleanor Roosevelt visits West Virginia Coal Mine,
1933
Eleanor Roosevelt visiting a West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933
(c) Bettmann/Corbis
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
FIRST HUNDRED DAYS
“Bank holiday”
Emergency Banking Relief Act
(Mar. 9)
Beer-Wine Revenue Act (Mar. 22)
Twenty-First Amendment (Nov. 1933)
Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC) (Mar. 31)
Public Works Administration
(FERA May 12)
Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA) (May 18)
Civilian Conservation Corps workers plant seedlings
to reforest a section of forest destroyed by fire.
Roosevelt visits a Civilian Conservation Corps camp 1933
TVA
FIRST HUNDRED DAYS
Agricultural Adjustment Act
(AAA) (May 12)
National Recovery Administration
(NRA)
The National Industrial Recovery Act (June 16)
Schechter v. U.S. (1935)
Glass-Steagall Act (Banking Act of 1933)
(June 16)
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC)
Farm Credit Administration (June 16)
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation
(June 13)
ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS OF FDR’S
“FIRST” NEW DEAL (late 1933-1934)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Dollar taken off gold standard
“THE NEW DEAL IN
TRANSITION”: A
“SECOND” NEW DEAL
“Second New Deal” (1935 onward)
Works Progress Administration
(WPA)
National Labor Relations Act of
1935 (Wagner Act)
National Labor Relations
Board (NLRB)
Rural Electrification
Administration (1935)
Social Security Act (1935)
WPA Artist Sketching WPA Construction Workers
CRITICS OF THE NEW DEAL
American Liberty League
Dr. Francis E. Townsend
Father Charles E. Coughlin
Senator Huey P. Long
“Share Our Wealth” Plan
Father Charles E.
Coughlin (1891-1979)
Senator
Huey Long
1934
“Old
Reliable”
cartoon
“New Deal
Remedies”
ELECTION OF 1936 - NATIONAL
REFERENDUM ON THE NEW DEAL
Alf Landon
“constitutionally and with a balanced budget”
Result: greatest landslide in US history
FDR 61%, Landon 36 % (Maine and VT)
new Democratic coalition:
urban working classes
Northern urban blacks
Traditional progressives
Southern rural whites
NEW DEAL IN DISARRAY
“court-packing plan” (1937)
results
“Roosevelt Recession” (1937)
Keynesian economics
John Maynard Keynes
(2nd)
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938)
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)
national minimum wage
Mandated 40 hour work week
Supreme Court, 1943
New Deal essentially at end:
FDR blunders
continued hard times
Congressional opposition
threat of world crisis
Unemployment, 1929-1942
NEW
DEAL IN
DISARRAY
Gross National Product 1920-1940
NEW DEAL AND LABOR
rise of labor unions in the 30s
Wagner Act
decline of welfare capitalism
declining status of business leaders
Congress of Industrial
Organizations (CIO)
Labor Union
Membership,
1920-1992
industrial unionism
worked to include blacks & other
minorities
John L. Lewis - United Mine Workers
sit-down strike
“Memorial Day Massacre” (1937)
"Little Steel“
Revolution in lives of wage workers
higher wages, shorter hours, paid
vacations, insurance and unionization
that enabled them to settle disputes and
have a measure of job security
Memorial Day Massacre, Chicago, 1937
LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL:
Political and Economic Results
Political:
“broker state”
increased power of the president
Increased role of Federal government in society
Party Realignment; Democratic coalition
Economic:
created the rudiments of the American welfare state
aided the stabilization of the stock market and banking
system
established a power base for various disadvantaged groups
to challenge the dominance of corporations
LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL:
Social Results
African Americans
became strong supporters of
Democratic party (but wages, unemployment)
“black cabinet”
Women
Francis Perkins
Eleanor Roosevelt
American Indians
Eleanor Roosevelt visiting George Washington Carver
Hall, men's dormitory for Negroes in Washington, DC
(Library of Congress)
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
returned political authority to the tribes; tribal
governments like city governments
Ended Dawes allotment system; allowed
collective land ownership (~ 4 million of the 90 million acres of
Indian land lost under the allotment system returned to the tribes)
John Collier – new BIA chief
Pueblo Indians in the Indian Service School.
Taos, New Mexico 1936 (Library of Congress)
LASTING IMPACT OF THE NEW DEAL:
Limits and Legacies
positive interpretations
Saved capitalism?
reformed capitalism, offering protection to disadvantaged
completed process of progressive reform, then moved in
direction of modern liberalism
accomplished as much as it could against conservative forces
negative interpretations
Failed to end Depression
radical departure from progressive tradition
lacked a central, guiding philosophy
missed many opportunities to help those groups most in need
of assistance
Hindered economy’s recovery – market forces more efficient
Anti-Third Term
Buttons, 1940
SOURCES
Brinkley, American History: A Survey 10e
Wadsworth-Thompson
http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank
_US/1929_1939.html
Library of Congress American Memory Project
Rutgers Univ. Teaching Politics Image Bank
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/.html
Kennedy, American Pageant 13e
Nash, The American People 6e;
http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html