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Biofuels Now and Tomorrow Tom Williams National Renewable Energy Laboratory FLC Far West / Mid-Continent Meeting September 2005 The National Bioenergy Center • The National Bioenergy Center is a virtual center created to advance technologies for producing fuels, chemicals, materials, and power from biomass. • It supports the science and technology goals of the Department of Energy’s Biomass Program by working with a multi-laboratory consortium of: • • • • • • Argonne National Laboratory Idaho National Laboratory National Renewable Energy Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Focused on achieving DOE goals – Reduce dependence on oil – Build U.S. bioenergy industry – Reduce global warming Environmental Benefit of Biofuels Biomass Resources Poplar trees Wood chips Switch grass Sugar cane residue Municipal Solid Waste Alfalfa U.S. Biomass Resources 3.5 billion BOE 1400 Million dry tons per year Forest Residues (and thinnings) 1200 Urban Wastes Ag Residues (and grain crops) Mill Residues 1000 Energy Crops 800 600 400 200 0 $20 $30 $40 $50 Gigaton Vision 2005 Study From 2000 Supply Curve by ORNL The Unique Role of Biomass While the growing need for sustainable electric power can be met by other renewables… … biomass is our only renewable source of C-based fuels and chemicals Biomass Benefits • • • • • Abundant Renewable Carbon-neutral Available worldwide Only sustainable source of hydrocarbons Biomass can: • Be used with the existing petroleum infrastructure • Fill the gap between energy demand and petroleum availability. Established and Emerging Bioenergy Markets – – – – – Co-firing, CHP, and small modular power Sugar, corn & lignocellulosic ethanol Biodiesel and bio-based lubricants FTL’s as diesel substitute (Europe) DME as a substitute for LPG (Asia) • Longer-term potential diesel substitute – BTX and aryl ethers from biomass lignin • Gasoline blending • Chemicals – Biobased plastics and resins (co-product) Biomass Electricity • Direct combustion – 9700 MWe • Cofiring with Coal – 400 MWe • Biomass gasification – Small 3-5 kW systems in field verification tests – Larger systems demonstrated Biomass Gasification Source: U.S. Climate Change Technology Program. Technology Options. DOE/PI-0002, November 2003 Small Modular Gasification System Ethanol Current ethanol sources • Made from the starch in corn kernels • Available in blended motor fuels • Cost ~ $1.22/gal Advanced feedstocks • Made from cellulosic materials – corn stalks, rice • Technology under development • Cost ~ $2.73/gal $1.32/gal • Near-term use as a fuel blend • Longer-term as a bulk fuel will require energy crops Basics of Biomass Chemistry and the Evolution of Biorefineries Key Constituents of Edible Biomass OH O OH HO OH O O OH HO HO OH OH O O Readily hydrolyzed O OH Basis for existing U.S. ethanol plants Easily separable and fermentable to fuels & chemicals OH O O OH HO HO OH O O O HO HO OH O O OH O OH H3 C O Oil: 4-7% (Corn) 18-20% (Soybeans) 7 O O CH3 O 7 O Readily separable from feedstock Starting material for clean biodiesel Readily converted via chemical routes O 7 Starch: 70-75% (Corn) OH H3 C Protein: 20-25% (Corn) 80% (Soybean Meal) Mostly used as a feed Underutilized as a polymer building block Potential feedstock for chemicals and resins OH H N N H O S H N O N H O SH O N H O N O O H N N H NH NH2 O H N O O OH O O O H3CO Lignocellulose Constituents HO O O OH OCH3OCH3 Complex aromatic structure Very high energy content Resists biochemical conversion OH HO OH H3CO OCH3 OH O HO O OH HO O OH O O HO OH O O OH OH O O OH O HO O OH O OH HO OH O OH O OH O OH O HO O HO O OH HO OH O O OH OH O OH O HO O HO OH O OH OH O OH O OH OH O O HO OH O HO OH OH O O OH OH O O OH HO OH O HO OH O HO OH OH O HO O HO OH O HO OH O OH O OH OH O OH O O HO OH OH O OH OH O HO OH O OH OH O O HO O OH OH O OH HO OH O HO HO O HO OH OH O O O O OH OH O HO 2nd Most abundant form of C in biosphere Polymer of glucose Resistant to hydrolysis OH O HO O HO OH O O OH HO O HO O OH O OH HO O Hemicellulose: 23-32% OH OH O O OH OH OH OH O HO O O O O HO OH O O HO OCH3OCH3 OCH3 HO O OH OH OH O OH O OH O Lignin: 15-25% Cellulose: 38-50% O OH O HO OH H3CO OCH3 OH O OCH3 OH HO O HO O OCH3 OCH3 Xylose is the most abundant sugar in biosphere Polymer of 5C and 6C sugars Readily hydrolyzed H3CO O OCH3 OH The Biorefinery Concept Focus on Conversion Processes to Enable Integrated Biorefineries Starch Starch Hydrolysis Fermentable Sugars Products Fermentation of Sugars Glucose • Food Products • Animal Feed Product Recovery • Ethanol • Chemicals Focus on Conversion Processes to Enable Integrated Biorefineries Starch Starch Hydrolysis Fermentable Sugars Cellulose Hydrolysis Pre-treatment Lignocellulosic Biomass Products Fermentation of Sugars Glucose C5/C6 Sugars C5 Sugar(s) • Food Products • Animal Feed Product Recovery • Ethanol • Chemicals Focus on Conversion Processes to Enable Integrated Biorefineries Starch Starch Hydrolysis Fermentable Sugars Cellulose Hydrolysis Pre-treatment Lignocellulosic Biomass Products Fermentation of Sugars Glucose C5/C6 Sugars C5 Sugar(s) • Food Products • Animal Feed Product Recovery • Ethanol • Chemicals Lignin Residue Thermo-chemical Conversion • Heat & Power • Fuels & Chemicals Pyrolysis Oil Syn Gas Economic Projection for Lignocellulosic Ethanol Enzymatic Hydrolysis Partnership NREL has worked with Genencor & Novozymes for 4 years – Focusing on enzyme biochemistry, cost, and specific activity – Investigating the interaction of biomass pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis The RESULT: G.T. 10-fold reduction in cost contribution of enzymes ($/gal EtOH) E1 from A. cellulotiticus CBH1 from T. reesei +2 +1 -1 -2 Y82 cellodextrin Integrated Biorefinery Partnership Dupont-DOE Integrated Corn Biorefinery • Goal: Process Design Package for farmers to produce ethanol, chemicals and power from entire corn plant • 4-yr R&D project timeline • $38 million (50% from Dupont) corn corn stover Integrated Corn Biorefinery (ICBR) chemicals bioethanol power Driven by ethanol and demand for Dupont’s SoronaTM polyester 400% AAGR