Transcript Slide 1

Shipping and Carbon
Footprint, methodolgy to
for developing a fair and
descent system
Haakon Lindstad
Marintek, Trondheim - Norway
Gdansk 29.April - 2008
Development of World Energy Consumption 1990 to 2004
The World
Energy consumption in million
ton oil equivalent units (Mtoe)
1990
2004
The European Union
Change
in %
1990
2004
Change
in %
Electricity generation &
heat plants
2.090
3.056
52
374
429
15
Industry
2.134
2.510
18
371
378
2
Transport
1.549
2.134
38
279
361
29
Residential/ Agricultural/
Losses
2.959
3.382
24
522
588
13
Total final consumption, energy
demand
8.732
11.204
28
1.546
1.756
14
Source: Lindstad, World Energy Outlook
2
The New Enviromental picture of Europe
In March 2007 The Europen leaders
meet. They agreed that the energy
consumption in 2020 shall be reduced
by 20 % compared to 1990. “Today
companies are held responsible
for the environmental impact of
the activities within their own
part of the value chain. For the
future however, the Commission
reveals that manufacturers will
be held responsible for the green
audit of the whole life cycle of
the product, from raw material
to consumer good”
(from ‘cradle to grave’).
AS-IS:
Supplier end
Manufacturer
Customer end
Food Mart
Food Mart
Recycling
Food Mart
Raw material
processing
Component
transport
Factory
Inventory
3PL service
Manufacturer
Environmental
KPI’s
for manufacturer
Regional
warehouse
Food Mart
Distribution
TO-BE:
Supplier end
Manufacturer
Customer end
Food Mart
Food Mart
Recycling
Food Mart
Raw material
processing
Component
transport
Factory
Inventory
3PL service
Manufacturer
Regional
warehouse
Food Mart
Distribution
Environmental KPI’s for manufacturer
3
Key European Transport Figures 2004 (EU 25)
Billion tonn km
Million Vehicle km
Million Tonn transported
Yearly nr of voyages/journeys in millions
Average travel distance in km per voyage
Average amount in Ton per voyage
Fuel Consumption in gram per tonn km
Mtoe - Callculated Million ton oil equivalents
Average Carbon Footprint in gram CO2 per
tonn km
Teoretical Best case (100 % utilization)
Carbon Footprint in gram CO2 per km
Inland
Short Sea
Waterways Shipping
2004
2004
129
1 484
320
382
465
1 093
1,15
0,28
277
1 358
403
3 887
22
12
2,78
17,81
Road
2004
1 684
169 052
15 202
1520,20
111
10
50
83,36
Rail
2004
379
2 046
828
4,48
457
185
26
9,66
156
81
68
38
51
26
20
14
Source: Lindstad, European transport policy for 2010 : time to decide
4
The Enviromental Performance area and some of the relevant KPI’s
Example of ‘complete’ mapping;
StakeholdersRoleSPIOperational KPIsDiagnostic KPIs
Port State
Flag State
Port/Channel
Authorities
Multi-National Governmental
Organisations
Stakeholders
Other roles (hence other stakeholders) will also have
interest in the SPI but only one role is shown due to
visual reason
Regulator
Role
Environmental
Sustainability
SPI
SOx
Energy
Efficiency
The role will also have interest in
other SPIs but only one SPI is shown
due to visual reasons
Non-complete mapping due to visual
reasons
NOx
VOC
PM
IncidentRelated Spills
Operational KPIs
Diagnostic KPIs
Sulphur in
Bunker
Emitted mass
(CO2)
Transport
Work (t/m)
NOx-Factor
Ballast
Handling
Cargo
Incidents
CleansingEffect
5
HOW TO MAKE A MODEL OF THE SEA TRANSPORT
MARKET AND THE REAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Number of
Summary of vessel database vessels in Average dwt
size group
Dry Bulk fleet
Dry bulk Capesize 120'->
Post-Panamax 85'-120'
Dry Bulk Panamax 60'-85'
Dry Bulk Handymax 35'-60'
Dry Bulk Handysize 15'-35'
Coastal 5-15'
Small Bulk vessels 0-5'
Total Dry Bulk
Reefer fleet
Reefer vessel 10'-15000 dwt
Reefer vessel 5'-10000 dwt
Reefer vessel 0- 5000 dwt
Total Reefer
Container fleet
Container 8500 TEU, 90' ->
Container 6500 TEU, 70'-90'
Container 4000 TEU, 40'-70'
Container 2300 TEU, 25'-40'
Container 1400 TEU, 15'-25'
Container 700 TEU, 5'-15'
Total Container
Average
sailing
distance
Vessel
speed
171.643
93.826
72.072
45.904
26.077
9.364
1.587
7500
6500
5500
5000
3000
2500
1000
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
5,5
6,5
7,5
8,5
13
17
40
4,5
5
4,5
5
7
8
20
15.326
12.005
9.784
8.179
6.652
3.500
1.006
201
374
620
1.217
11.677
7.163
1.966
5422
3000
2000
1000
19
17
12
18
24
45
14
18
25
182
160
1.023
750
809
1.115
4.205
105.968
80.256
55.285
33.281
20.484
9.940
23.875
11.000
11.000
7.000
2.500
1.000
800
24
24
24
22
18
17
11
11
15
33
50
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
762
114
1417
1876
1895
453
849
7366
Annual
bunker
consumtion
per vessel
[tonn]
Total bunker Bunker
consumption consumpper vessel
tion in
size group gram per
Total CO2
[tonn]
tonn-nm emission [tonn]
Total cargo
transported
(million
tonn)
Billion
tonn
miles
16.231
12.636
9.914
8.465
6.246
3.378
923
626
60
660
631
523
59
43
2603
4.696
390
3.630
3.157
1.570
147
43
13.634
12.367.697
1.440.504
14.048.397
15.879.538
11.835.999
1.530.260
783.955
57.886.351
2,63
3,69
3,87
5,03
7,54
10,39
18,11
4,25
39.044.820
4.547.672
44.350.790
50.131.701
37.366.250
4.831.031
2.474.947
182.747.211
11.000
6.390
1.808
10.396
5.959
1.942
32
38
35
108
96
75
35
221
2.089.556
2.228.739
1.204.141
5.814.909
21,88
29,56
34,25
26,33
6.596.727
7.036.128
3.801.473
18.357.668
66.956
60.394
37.003
19.964
12.596
6.671
64.409
58.096
31.325
14.711
7.243
3.426
119
79
473
468
425
312
1902
1.310
867
3.308
1.169
425
250
7.343
11.722.348
9.295.331
32.045.497
11.033.097
5.859.185
3.819.650
74.018.614
8,95
10,72
9,69
9,43
13,80
15,29
10,08
37.007.452
29.345.359
101.167.633
34.831.489
18.497.447
12.058.634
233.676.764
Repositio
Total
Cargo
ning
engine size
voyages voyages
[kW]
6
Summary per vessel segment
Dry Cargo 15'++
Dry Cargo 5'-10'
Dry Cargo 1'-5'
Dry Cargo 500-1'
Dry bulk Capesize 120'->
Post-Panamax 85'-120'
Dry Bulk Panamax 60'-85'
Dry Bulk Handymax 35'-60'
Dry Bulk Handysize 15'-35'
Coastal 5-15'
Reefer vessel 10'-15000 dwt
Reefer vessel 0- 5000 dwt
Container 8500 TEU, 90' ->
Container 4000 TEU, 40'-70'
Container 2300 TEU, 25'-40'
Container 700 TEU, 5'-15'
Container 200 TEU, 0-5'
Crude oil tanker 200-+
Crude oil tanker 120-199,9'
Crude oil tanker 75-119,9'
Crude oil tanker 50-74,9'
Product, chemical 40'-++
Product, chemical 25'-40'
Product, chemical 15'-25'
Product, chemical 5'-15'
Product, chemical 0-5'
RoRo 15'-25000
RoRo 5'-15000
RoRo 0'-5000
RoPax 5' - 10'
RoPax 0 - 5'
LNG 60'+
LPG 45'++
LPG 5'-15'
LPG 0'-5'
TOTAL CARGO
Number of
Average
vessels in
dwt
size group
1.166
2.564
7.606
2.423
762
114
1.417
1.876
1.895
453
201
620
182
1.023
750
1.115
166
510
362
658
190
489
449
333
970
1.385
336
671
1.286
228
2.475
212
113
195
645
41.486
24.925
6.950
2.543
713
171.643
93.826
72.072
45.904
26.077
9.364
11.677
1.966
105.968
55.285
33.281
9.940
3.102
294.132
151.510
102.822
66.620
47.686
34.563
19.107
9.098
1.992
18.482
9.833
1.317
6.639
845
75.441
52.874
7.960
2.114
334.189
Total DWT in Total cargo
millions per transported
Vessel
(million
segment
tonn)
29.062.990
17.820.520
19.341.764
1.727.568
130.792.067
10.696.206
102.126.370
86.115.320
49.416.405
4.242.005
2.347.135
1.219.007
10.291.418
33.124.988
20.365.060
8.018.397
502.617
150.007.123
54.846.652
67.656.817
12.657.800
23.318.475
15.518.565
6.362.680
8.824.742
2.758.311
6.210.053
6.597.688
1.693.485
1.513.584
2.092.069
15.993.528
5.974.802
1.552.143
1.363.369
969.132.949
365
465
685
55
626
60
660
631
523
59
36
42
119
473
468
312
27
574
299
619
162
269
172
127
247
127
132
205
149
167
230
87
48
31
31
9.916
Billion
tonn
miles
1.096
465
342
27
4.696
390
3.630
3.157
1.570
147
107
42
1.310
3.308
1.169
250
13
5.165
1.795
1.238
162
1.347
690
317
247
64
198
164
74
73
92
696
242
31
31
36.355
Estimated Carbon
Theoretical
Bunker
Footprint in gram
Carbon
Total CO2
consump-tion
Co2
per
tonn
km
Footprint
in
emission
Total bunker in gram per
Estimated
based
upon
real
gram
Co2
per
[tonn]
consump-tion
capacity
tonn-nm
operational patterns
tonn km
in million tons
utilization
7.721.801
7,05
61 % 24.377.725
12,26
7,52
5.806.614
12,48
60 % 18.331.480
21,71
13,02
5.947.603
17,38
60 % 18.776.582
30,22
18,13
880.626
32,31
60 % 2.780.136
56,19
33,71
12.367.697
2,63
50 % 39.044.820
4,58
2,27
1.440.504
3,69
51 % 4.547.672
6,42
3,27
14.048.397
3,87
56 % 44.350.790
6,73
3,79
15.879.538
5,03
57 % 50.131.701
8,75
4,96
11.835.999
7,54
55 % 37.366.250
13,11
7,24
1.530.260
10,39
58 % 4.831.031
18,07
10,44
2.062.515
19,25
51 % 6.511.360
33,49
17,17
1.203.536
28,84
53 % 3.799.562
50,15
26,79
11.722.348
8,95
70 % 37.007.452
15,56
10,89
32.045.497
9,69
70 % 101.167.633
16,85
11,79
11.033.097
9,43
70 % 34.831.489
16,41
11,49
3.819.650
15,29
70 % 12.058.634
26,60
18,62
243.507
18,22
70 %
31,69
22,18
768.751
12.518.007
2,42
48 % 39.519.349
4,22
2,00
5.819.447
3,24
48 % 18.371.994
5,64
2,68
4.534.920
3,66
48 % 14.316.743
6,37
3,03
764.252
4,73
48 % 2.412.744
8,22
3,90
3.699.974
2,75
64 % 11.680.818
4,78
3,05
3.349.753
4,86
64 % 10.575.170
8,45
5,41
1.370.135
4,32
64 % 4.325.517
7,52
4,81
1.604.004
6,48
61 % 5.063.842
11,28
6,85
706.378
11,11
58 % 2.230.035
19,33
11,16
2.542.364
12,87
70 % 8.026.242
22,38
15,67
2.821.506
17,19
70 % 8.907.495
29,90
20,93
1.955.753
26,33
70 % 6.174.311
45,80
32,06
5.470.369
49,78
84,67
42,33
50 % 17.231.663
13.139.613
95,19
161,91
80,96
50 % 41.389.780
4.929.860
7,08
48 % 15.563.569
12,32
5,85
1.590.280
6,58
48 % 5.020.514
11,45
5,44
499.153
16,12
48 % 1.575.825
28,03
13,31
815.474
26,62
48 % 2.574.450
46,29
21,99
5,90
232.322.440
10,26
733.308.982
7
Main Figures per vessel group
Summary per vessel segment
General Cargo Fleet
Total General Cargo
Dry Bulk fleet
Total Dry Bulk
Reefer fleet
Total Reefer
Container fleet
Total Container
Oil tanker fleet
Total Crude oil
Product, chemical fleet
Total product & Chemical
RoRo fleet
Total RoRo (excluding Ropax)
RoPax fleet
Total RoPax
LNG fleet
Total LNG
LPG fleet
Total LPG
TOTAL CARGO
Number
Total DWT in Total cargo
of
Average millions per transported
vessels
dwt
Vessel
(million
in size
segment
tonn)
group
Estimated
Carbon
Bunker
Footprint in
Billion
consump-tion gram Co2 per
tonn
Total bunker in gram per tonn km based
miles consump-tion
tonn-nm
upon real
in million
operational
tons
patterns
E
s
t
i Total CO2
m emission
a [tonn]
t
e
76.568.255
1.729
2.225
23.843.175
10,71
18,63 75.272.904
7.366 52.231 384.735.783
2.603
13.634
57.886.351
4,25
7,38 182.747.211
129
260
5.791.565
22,28
38,75 18.283.970
4.205 23.875 100.395.981
1.902
7.343
74.018.614
10,08
17,53 233.676.764
2.055 143.061 293.989.385
1.854
8.379
23.786.064
2,84
4,94 75.092.604
16.601
1.217
4.612
5.422
6.598.420
3.626 15.660
56.782.773
943
2.664
10.730.245
4,03
7,00 33.875.382
7.089
16.731.136
507
548
8.285.106
15,11
26,28 26.156.080
180
18.994.281
70,47
2.360
2.728
1.984
3.943.400
105,70
59.831.985
248 68.854
17.075.828
97
730
5.234.933
7,17
12,47 16.526.683
1.080 11.400
12.311.988
152
390
3.752.106
9,61
16,71 11.845.399
9.916
36.355
232.322.440
5,90
10,26 733.308.982
41.486
334.189 969.132.949
8
The Cargo Short Sea Fleet
Summary per vessel
segment
Number of
Average
vessels in
dwt
size group
General Cargo Fleet
Dry Cargo 10'-15'
Dry Cargo 5'-10'
Dry Cargo 1'-5'
Dry Bulk fleet
Coastal 5-15'
Small Bulk vessels 0-5'
Container fleet
Container 700 TEU, 5'-15'
Container 200 TEU, 0-5'
Product, chemical fleet
Product, chemical 5'-15'
Product, chemical 0-5'
RoRo fleet
RoRo 5'-15000
RoRo 0'-5000
RoPax fleet
RoPax 10' - 15'
RoPax 5' - 10'
RoPax 0 - 5'
Total sellected segments
20.446
Total fleet
41.486 334.189
Out of total
Total DWT in
millions per
Vessel
segment
Total
cargo
transport
ed
(million
tonn)
Billion
tonn
miles
Total bunker
consump-tion
in million tons
Bunker
consump-tion
in gram per
tonn-nm
Estimated
Carbon
Theoretical
Footprint in
Carbon
gram Co2 per
Footprint in
tonn km based
gram Co2 per Estimated
upon real
tonn km
capacity
operational
utilization
patterns
Total CO2
emission
[tonn]
658
2564
7606
12416
6950
2543
8.169.663
17.820.520
19.341.764
145
465
685
289
465
342
2.962.710
5.806.614
5.947.603
10,24
12,48
17,38
17,82
21,71
30,22
10,69
13,02
18,13
60 %
60 %
60 %
9.353.277
18.331.480
18.776.582
453
849
9364
1587
4.242.005
1.347.410
59
43
147
43
1.530.260
783.955
10,39
18,11
18,07
31,49
10,44
17,84
58 %
57 %
4.831.031
2.474.947
1115
166
9940
3102
8.018.397
502.617
312
27
250
13
3.819.650
243.507
15,29
18,22
26,60
31,69
18,62
22,18
70 %
70 %
12.058.634
768.751
970
1385
9098
1992
8.824.742
2.758.311
247
127
247
64
1.604.004
706.378
6,48
11,11
11,28
19,33
6,85
11,16
61 %
58 %
5.063.842
2.230.035
671
1286
9833
1317
6.597.688
1.693.485
205
149
164
74
2.821.506
1.955.753
17,19
26,33
29,90
45,80
20,93
32,06
70 %
70 %
8.907.495
6.174.311
20
228
2.475
11.787
6.639
845
235.731
1.513.584
2.092.069
26
167
230
10
73
92
326.329
5.470.369
13.139.613
20,97
49,78
95,19
83.157.986
2.886
2.275
47.118.251
20,71
969.132.949
9.916
36.355
232.322.440
5,90
9%
29 %
49 %
35,67
84,67
161,91
17,84
42,33
80,96
50 %
50 %
50 %
1.027.937
17.231.663
41.389.780
148.619.765
10,26
733.308.982
20 %
20 %
9
The trend during the last 30 years in shipping is that nearly all the focus has
been on developing efficient vessels from 30 000 dwt upwards to 300 000 dwt
, while the SSS feet has been more or less neglected. This can be illustrated by
the order books for new building versus the active fleet
Dry bulk, container vessels, oil tankers and chemical tankers
3.000
Active fleet
New orders
2.500
2.000
# 1.500
1.000
500
0
0
40.000
80.000
120.000
160.000
200.000
240.000
280.000
dwt
10
Logistics and Distribution scenarios
2008
2014
2020
2014
2020
Trade/Transport
requirement
2008
Full Growth
to 2014 then
no/negative
Growth
Trade/Transport
requirement
2020
2020
2014
Full Growth to
2014 then
near zero Growth
post 2014
Full Growth
to 2014
then Growth
to 2020
Scenario 4
2008
Scenario 3
2014
Scenario 2
2008
Full Growth
Trade/Transport
requirement
Scenario 1
Trade/Transport
requirement
Collapsing Economic confidence post
2014
Dramatic increase in need for attention to environmental
performance required, this could be the result of a large
increase in oil price. Change phased in from 2014
11
What can be done?
Saling vessels
New vessels
Future vessels
2010-2020
Post 2020
12
SST.2008.2.1.4 Continental Shipping -Sustainable Shipping

The main idea in this proposal will be to focus on Improvements for vessels in the
range 0 – 25 000 dwt since these vessels are the ones which is used in Short sea
Shipping. The trend during the last 30 years in shipping is that nearly all the focus
has been on developing efficient vessels from 30 000 dwt upwards to 300 000 dwt
(the deep sea fleet), while the SSS fleet has more or less been neglected. Due to this
the following comparison can be made:

Energy efficiency Deep/sea versus short sea fleet: 1 / 10 + (carbon footprint
3g/tonnkm versus + 50g/tonn km (best versus worst)

Steel weight Deep sea/versus short sea: 1 / 10 + (Best in deep sea fleet payload/
steel weight 10 +/ 1, Short sea 1 / 2 +)

Short sea versus trucking: The trucks have improved their position both regarding
Payload/ own weight and regarding CO2 emissions. So unless SSS improves trucks
will be far ahead a few years into the future
13
14