Transcript MICROQUASARS

MICROQUASARS:
DISK-JET COUPLING
Felix Mirabel
European Southern Observatory. Chile
MULTI-l APPROACH TO HIGH ENERGY SOURCES
IN THE GALACTIC CENTRE REGION
Mirabel, Rodriguez, et al, 1992
Wang et al. ApJ 2002
Chandra
Belanger, Goldwurm, Goldoni, ApJ 2003
INTEGRAL
Black Hole
VLA: l6cm
Since 1995 five Microquasar workshops
QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY
QUASAR
MICROQUASAR
Mirabel & Rodriguez (Nature 1998)
The scales of length and time
are proportional to MBH
Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; DT a MBH
Unique system of equations:
The maximum color temperature
of the accretion disk is:
Tcol a (M/ 10M)-1/4
(Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976)
Waited era of space astronomy
For a given accretion rate:
LBol a MBH ; ljet a MBH ;
j a MBH-1 ; B a MBH-1/2
(Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04)
APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN mQSOs AS IN QSOs ?
SUPERLUMINAL MOTION IN THE GALAXY
Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1994
WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOs
-RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION FROM TWIN JETS SEEN TWO-SIDED
- mQSO JETS MOVE ON THE SKY ~103 TIMES FASTER THAN QSO JETS
- IN AGN AT D<100 Mpc JETS ARE RESOLVED AT ~50 Rsh (e.g. M87,Biretta)
PHYSICS: NEED TO STUDY BHs ACROSS ALL MASS SCALES
DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLES
Radio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al)
VLA l20cm
SS433/W50
1arcsec
1o = 60 pc
• RADIATIVELY INEFFICIENT JETS  “DARK”
• RELATIVISTIC HADRONS WITH V = 0.26c
• MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039 erg/sec
• IN mQSOs >50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED
X-RAY MOVING JETS IN mQSOs  TeV ELECTRONS
COMPACT STEADY JETS
GRS 1915+105: Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel (2006)
2.0 cm
Mirabel, Dhawan et. al, 1998
3.6 cm
• ~100 AU IN LENGTH PRESENT DURING LOW HARD STATE
• SPEED OF THE FLOW < 0.4c
(Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel 2006)
• LARGE SCALE JETS CAN BE INTERPRETED AS SHOCKS
PROPAGATING AT ~0.98c THROUGH THE COMPACT JETS
• THE COMPACT JETS REAPPEAR AFTER LARGE FLARES
ACCRETION–JET CONNECTION
DT a MBH
1 hr in GRS 1915+105 = 30 yr in SgrA*
Mirabel et al. 1998
•THE TRIGGERS OF JETS ARE INSTABILITIES IN THE ACCRETION DISK
(TRANSITION LOW HARD TO HIGH SOFT). THE X-RAY “SPIKE” MARKS
THE ONSET OF A SHOCK THROUGH THE COMPACT, STEADY JET
•ANALOGOUS ACCRETION-JET CONNECTION IN 3C 120 Marscher (2002)
MICROBLAZARS
VHE (>100 GeV) DETECTED FROM MICROQUASARS
LS 5039 with HESS & LSI +61 303 with MAGIC (Aharonian & Albert et al. in Science)
TWO MODELS:
Mirabel (Science, 2006)
1) Microblazars (Mirabel & Rodriguez,1999): IC of e- jets on UV photons (Paredes
et al. 2002) or hadrons in the jets (Romero et al. 2005) with matter of the stellar wind.
2) Pulsar wind (Maraschi & Treves, 1981): wind e- on UV as in PSR B1259-63
QSO - mQSO - GRB ANALOGY
HAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & Rodriguez, S&T 2002)
no
no
FOR DISK-JET COUPLING IN ASTROPHYSICAL BLACK HOLES
MOVING X-RAY JETS IN A mQSO
mQSOs XTE J1550-564 & H1743-322
Corbel et al. Science 2002, 05
X-rays are produced by synchrotron  electrons accelerated to TeV energies
ANALOGOUS ACCRETION-JET CONNECTION IN 3C 120 ?
BUT IN TIME SCALES OF YEARS
Marscher, Marti et al. Nature 2002
GAMMA-RAY BURSTS OF LONG DURATION MARK THE BIRTH
OF BLACK HOLES BY CORE COLLAPSE OF MASSIVE STARS
Associated with SN Ic & super-relativistic jets
VHE (>100 GeV) FROM g-RAY BINARIES
LS 5039 with HESS
LSI +61 303 with MAGIC
(Aharonian et al. Science 2005)
(Albert et al. Science 2006)
VHE emission is variable
• Both have compact objects with masses M < 4 M
• Both are runaway HMXBs formed < 2 x 106 yrs ago
SUMMARY
Microquasars have provided insight into:
• THE PHYSICS OF RELATIVISTIC JETS FROM BH’s
• THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ACCRETION & EJECTION
• THE FORMATION OF STELLAR-MASS BLACK HOLES
Microquasars could provide insight into:
• A LARGE FRACTION OF ULXs IN NEARBY GALAXIES
• GRBs OF LONG DURATION IN DISTANT GALAXIES
•
THE PHYSICS IN THE JETS OF DISTANT BLAZARS
BLACK HOLE ASTROPHYSICS IS TODAY IN AN
ANALOGOUS SITUATION AS WAS STELLAR
ASTRONOMY IN THE FIRST HALF OF LAST
CENTURY, WHEN THE HR DIAGRAM WAS
CONSTRUCTED FOR FIRST TIME
LARGE-SCALE JETS IN CYGNUS X-1
Gallo, Fender et al. Nature 2005
Ring diameter = 5 pc
> 50% OF THE RELEASED
ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED
LARGE-SCALE JETS
IN GRS 1915+105 ?
Rodriguez & Mirabel (2006)
Hot spots at ~ 50 pc
IF THE EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS
X-ray/radio/mass
Gallo et al. 2004
QPOs/mass
Abramovics, 2005
Noise-spectrum/mass
Uttley et al. 2004
BECOME MORE ROBUST, INDEPENDENTLY OF THE
MODELS, THE MASS AND SPIN OF BLACK HOLES
WILL BE DETERMINED
THE BLACK HOLE
FUNDAMENTAL PLANE
Merloni et al.
Falke, Koerding et al.
SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs & AGN
•OBSERVED IN > 30 QSOs & AGN
•IN RADIO & OPTICAL WAVES
• PROPER MOTION SEEN IN YEARS
•Vapp UP TO 30c in blazars
•One sided because of Doppler boosting
•WHAT IS THE NATURE ?
“PLASMONS” OR SHOCKS ?
LS 5039 WAS EJECTED FROM THE GALACTIC PLANE
A VHE (> 100 GEV) SOURCE
Paredes, Ribo et al. 2002
Ribo, Paredes et al. 2002
V = 100-140 km/s; e~0.5; Mj = 2000-5000 Km/s M ; Mejected in SN = 5-15 M
VHE FROM COMPACT BINARIES
• PULSAR WIND MODEL: Power by rotational energy (Dubus, 2006)
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PSR B1259-63, LS 5039 & LSI +61 303 have compact objects with M < 4 MSUN
Time variability & x-ray spectrum of LSI +61 303 resemble those of young pulsars
LSI +61 303 is a Be star like PSR B1259-63 & all known Be/X-ray binary are NSs
But does not satisfactorily fit the GeV & radio wavelength fluxes in LSI & LS 5039
Definitive proof: Detection of pulsations in LS 5039 & LSI +61 303
• MICROQUASAR JET MODELS: Power by accretion (Bosch-Ramon)
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Particle energy in QSOs and mQSOs are comparable (blazar-microblazar analogy)
The kinetic power in mQSOs is equal or larger than the radiated power
Electrons in the jets are accelerated up to TeV energies
LS 5039: jets are steady, two-sided, seem to have bulk motions of 0.2-0.3c as
compact mQSO jets, and no radio outbursts have been observed (Paredes et al.)
Definitive proof: VHE emission from confirmed BHs (e.g Cyg X-1, V 4641,GRS 1915)
RADIO IMAGES WITH HIGHER SENSITIVITY AND RESOLUTION