POST CONFLICT SUCCESS IN AFRICA
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Transcript POST CONFLICT SUCCESS IN AFRICA
Clive Jachnik
Introduction
Some Teachings
Democratic Republic Of Congo
Liberia
Indonesia
Sri Lanka
Potential Lessons
Two Prayers And A Wish
“We are what we think. All that we are arises with our
thoughts. With our thoughts, we make the world.”
Gautama Buddha
“Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men
that the defenses of peace must be constructed.”
UNESCO Preamble
"One should never harm the wicked or the good....A noble soul will
exercise compassion even towards those who injure others"
Ramayana of Valmiki
"the wisdom that comes from heaven is...peace- loving,
considerate, submissive, full of mercy impartial and sincere."
James 3: 17-18
“My Lord, who is the greatest of Thy servants in Thy estimation?”
“The one who forgives when he is in a position of power.”
Hadith of Baihaqi
Hatred does not cease by hatred, but only by love.
This is the eternal rule.
Gautama Buddha
“When I despair, I remember that all through history
the ways of truth and love have always won.”
Mahatma Gandhi
“Any life that is lost in war is a human life, be it that of an Arab
or Israeli……They are ours, be they living on Arab or Israeli land.”
Anwar Sadat - Speech to the Israeli Knesset
“We never get rid of an enemy by meeting hate with
hate; we get rid of an enemy by getting rid of enmity.”
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
“The first thing is to be honest with yourself. You can never
have an impact on society if you have not changed yourself.”
Nelson Mandela
Democratic Republic of Congo
Royal Navy Commander 1999-2000
Political Affairs Officer 2002
MONUC DDR Team Leader North Kivu/Ituri 2002-2004
Head of the Rapid Response Mechanism 2006-2007
Novel grass-roots DDR methodology
4,500 People Repatriated to Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi
Absorption of Mai-Mai leaders into national army
National SSR and police capacity building
Democratic Republic of Congo
1960: Independence for Africa's third largest country
1965 – 1996: President Mobuto Sese Seko
1996: Rwandan troops and Laurent Kabila enter DRC
Mobuto flees. Kabila is declared President
1998: Kabila orders foreign troops out. Most refuse
Rwanda-allies RCD attack GoDRC army to oust Kabila
Angola, Zimbabwe , Namibia support Kabila
1999: RCD withdraw to hold the east part of DRC
1999: Uganda-backed MLC take control in north DRC
Democratic Republic of Congo
June 1999: Stalemate with DRC divided into three
Aug 1999: Lusaka Accord. Inter-Congolese Dialogue
ICD includes government, armed opposition,
political opposition and civil society
Violence across DRC continues
Failure to implement Lusaka Accord and ICD
2001: Kabila assassinated. Replaced by son Joseph
October 2001: ICD commences in Addis Ababa
February 2002: Addis ICD fails. Moves to Sun City
Democratic Republic of Congo
April 2002: ICD signs 34 governance resolutions
2002: Peace Accords signed by DRC, Rwanda, Uganda
April 2003: ICD approves ‘Final Act’ agreement
Two-year transitional government, headed by Joseph
Kabila with four Vice-Presidents
July 2006: First multi-party elections. Kinshasa war.
MONUC takes control of capital
October 2006: New election. Kabila wins 70% of vote
December 2006: President Joseph Kabila sworn in
Democratic Republic of Congo
2006: Kivus and Ituri fighting continues in East
2006: Nkunda forms CNDP and allies to FDLR
March 2009: Nkunda arrested and CNDP sign
peace treaty
2012: CNDPs Bosco Ntaganda mutinies to form M23
November 2012: M23 captures Goma but withdraws
February 2013: UN Peace, Security and Cooperation
Framework for the DRC signed by 11 African nations
August 2013: Goma shelled by M23 and Rwanda*
Present: Continued fighting in Eastern DRC
Potential Lessons
Of 362 ICD delegates, 66 represent DRC civil society
ICD formed 5 Commissions to map governance
Political and Judicial (16), Economic and Finance (5),
Humanitarian/Cultural (16), Defence and Security
(10) and Peace and National Reconciliation (19)
Rural DRC polled on civil society role in ICD
Civil society viewed as impartial in DRC
Civil society mobilize opinions/harmonize agendas
Culminates in 4-day National Civil Society Dialogue
Defines civil society goals for west and east DRC
Notable Points
DRC civil society took a proactive key role in ICD
Direct involvement in a top level political process
‘Ambassadors for Peace’ mediated local meetings
MONUC established ‘A Committee of Wise Elders’
‘One UN Approach’ to DRC recovery
Holistic regional initiative adopted by 11 nations
UN regional approach to peacebuilding
Liberia
Head of UNMIL DDR 2005-2007
105,000 People Disarmed and Dembolised
400 People Repatriated to Guinea, Sierra Leone, Cote
d’Ivoire and other African countries
Included unarmed women and children in DDR
Community arms’ mop-up scheme
Transitional justice for weapon ownership
Established best-practice for UN DDR operations
Began SSR and capacity building processes
Liberia
1847: Liberia declares independence
1989: Charles Taylor ‘s NPFL invade, ousting dictator Doe
NPFL assassinates Doe and takes 90 percent of the country
1991: NPFL splits whilst ULIMO and RUF join combat
1996: Abuja Accord signed and Taylor elected
1997-2000: Fragile peace. RUF plunges Sierra Leone into war
2003: LURD and MODEL reduce Taylor's control to a third
June 2003: CPA signed in Accra and Taylor resigns
August 2003: National Transitional Government runs Liberia
2006: President Johnson-Sirleaf democratically elected
Present: A fragile state enjoying relative peace
Potential Lessons
Civil society helped shape the peace agreement
Ensured democratic decision-making in negotiations
Ensured acceptance of CPA by the Liberian people
Effective use of public information
Engagement of CBOs, NGOs and women activists
Leadership training of middle ranking police officers
Effective ‘One UN Approach’ to recovery
Needs national legal reform and plan for ROL sector
Needs an overarching plan for national SSR
Notable Points
CPA signed by GoL, LURD, MODEL, 18 pol. parties
Ministries and public-agencies divided 4 ways
between GoL, LURD, MODEL, and representatives of
civil society who assumed political roles
Other NGOs who signed and witnessed the CPA were:
Association of Liberian Professional Organizations
Mano River Women's Peace Network (MARWOPNET)
Liberian Women's Initiative, Interfaith Mediation Ctte
Inter-Religious Council for Liberia, Liberian Bar Assoc
Rare example of NGO participation in peace process
Indonesia
ADB Consultant 1995-1996
Head of Strategic Planning and Monitoring 2007-2009
DDR for 3,000 GAM ex-combatants and 2,035 amnestied
prisoners
DDR for 3,204 GAM activists surrendering before MoU
DDR for 6,500 members of pro-government militias
32,000 Indonesian security forces redeployed from Aceh
Community peacebuilding projects in Aceh, Sulawesi,
Maluku and West Timor
Draft DRR and SSR legislation
Indonesia
1602: Dutch East India Company established
1800: Netherlands nationalises East Indies Colony
1900s: Dutch rule extends to Indonesia's current area
1908: Start of Indonesian independence movement
1942-1945: Japanese military occupation
1945: Indonesia's declaration of independence
1945-1949: War of Independence with Netherlands
1949: Netherlands' recognises independence
1962: Dutch West New Guinea (Papua) incorporated
Indonesia
1965: Attempted coup and anti-communist purge
March 1968: General Suharto replaces Sukarno
1996-1998: Political protest and ethnic riots
May 1998: President Suharto resigns
1999: East Timor votes to secede after 25 year
occupation
2004: First ever direct presidential election
December 2004: Indian Ocean Earthquake/Tsunami
2005: Political settlement of Aceh separatist conflict
Present: Occasional secessionist/terrorist violence
Potential Lessons
Regional autonomy programme since 2004
Strengthening of democratic processes since 2004
Effective use of civil society, CBOs, NGOs and women
Successful ‘One UN Approach’ to recovery
Consultative grass-roots ‘bottom-up’ planning
processes eg: ‘Musrenbang’
DDR for GAM plus pro-government Aceh militias
Ex GAM report at police stations in DDR
Separate Aceh police desks for women
Tailored Aceh police capacity building
Notable Points
One year amnesty declared for the surrender of arms
held by civilians until 31 December 2005 in CPA
GoI agree to ratify the UN Covenants on Civil and
Political plus Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Truth and Reconciliation Commission and Court of
Human Rights remain controversial
GoI has said its intension is for courts only to judge
matters subsequent to the date of CPA signing
‘There is a need to improve public services in all regions through more
democratic, accountable, professional, responsive and decentralized
governance. Basically, decentralization and autonomy is aimed at establishing
a closer relationship between government and the people.’
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (August 23, 2005)
Indonesia - Musrenbang
Means: “community discussion + development plan”
A participatory budgeting process where residents
discuss short-term issues facing their communities
Prioritise needs and informs local government
Support assigned to most needy neighbourhoods
Musrenbang is a ‘bottom-up’ process introduced to
replace GoI centralized ‘top-down’ planning
Musrenbang process also exists at district, city and
provincial levels
Consultative and inclusive development
Indonesia - Musrenbang
Musrenbang enshrined in local legislation
GoI central budget implements Musrenbang
Media sensitizes for maximum participation
Calendar and Flow Chart of the planning and
budgeting processes published
All stakeholders and their roles published
Gender and minority participation mainstreamed
Proactive advice offered by local government
Media publication of minutes and findings
Sri Lanka
Programme Manager – Reintegration and
Reconciliation 2010-2013
Reintegration support for 8,500 Ex-LTTE clients
Community peacebuilding projects supported
Initial SSR projects designed and drafted
Seconded to advise Somali and Kenyan
governments on Al-Shabaab
Sri Lanka
Geneva, Funds and Access to PARCs
A unique welcome
Military victory and long-term peace
ICRS sensitization
Engaging the caseload
Missing public awareness and reinsertion
ICRS re-design with counselling,
Fading support and incomplete ICRS
A missed opportunity
Potential Lessons - General
Use of UN Peacebuilding Commission
National coordination of peacebuilding activities
Decentralization of the peace debate
Establishing impartial ‘Peace Ambassadors’
Form ‘Community of Practice’ for peace activists
Encouraging ‘Community Peace Committees’
Empower traditional ‘Committees of the Wise’
Transfer local/regional reconciliation methods
Potential Lessons - General
DDR is nationally-owned and people-centred
DDR should be transparent and accountable
Any DDR process should be completed
Reintegration is social, economic and political
DDR forms part of long-term SSR plans
DDR is not sustainable without reconciliation
Reconciliation needs sustainable peacebuilding
Peacebuilding is an ongoing and ‘whole-nation’
process that requires full commitment
Potential Lessons - ROL
Legally-sworn translators at police stations
Language training at National Police Academy
Fast track promotion for bilingual police officers
Separated gender-appropriate police ‘desks’
Pilot projects for community policing principles
Community policing committees
Military and Police information ‘hotlines’
Surveys for future SSR at the right time
Potential Lessons - Youth
Peace Studies in National Schools’ Curriculum
Schools’ twining programmes. Activities for
unification
Ethnically-mixed sports’ galas, drama, choir, poetry
and literature events
National Peace Songs, Poetry, Poster and Badge
Awards
Joint Summer Peace, Sports and Language Camps
National awards for best bilingual exam results
Local multi-ethnic ‘Youth Parliaments’
Training to deliver reconciliation projects
‘Conflict Resolution Day’(3rd Thursday in October)
Potential Lessons - Media
Radio Okapi (DRC) and Radio UNMIL (Liberia)
Talking Drum, Ijambo, Radio Peacebuilding Africa
Ethnically-diverse staff present a united front
One TV documentary analysed 16 African conflicts
Broadcast in 22 African countries in 40 local dialects
Mobile cinema projects in African rural villages
Workshops empowering bloggers in Arabia
Reconciliation soap operas/TV ‘peace debates’
Media support can yield responsible reporting
Potential Lessons - Private Sector
Lobby for development investment in N and E
Vocational and business mentoring programmes
Scholarships to fast-track minority managers
Highlight equal opportunity in the workplace
Allow time for workers’ peace committees
Sponsorship of bilingual kindergartens
Broadcast peace radio during workers’ shifts
Display reconciliation material in the workplace
Peacebuilding
Local ownership is essential for lasting peace
Inclusiveness develops constructive relationships
between all stakeholders
The heart of the challenge is building trust so that
society remains engaged in building lasting peace
Only long-term commitments address the root
causes of conflict and ensure sustainability
Appropriate processes ensure legitimacy and
holistic solutions to complex problems
Self-control
Humility
Service
Basis For Peace
Fairness
Generosity
Forgiveness
8
Two Prayers And A Wish
Nelson’s Last Prayer
On the morning of 21st October 1805 with the combined fleets of
France and Spain in sight:
‘May the great God, whom I worship, grant to my country
and for the benefit of Europe in general
a great and glorious victory: and may no misconduct, in any
one, tarnish it: and may humanity after victory be the
predominant feature in the British fleet.
For myself individually, I commit my life to Him who made
me and may His blessing light upon my endeavours for
serving my country faithfully.
To Him I resign myself and the just cause which is entrusted
to me to defend.
Amen. Amen. Amen’.
St Mungo’s Prayer
St Mungo established a monastery in the 6th century
on the River Clyde near the site of Glasgow
He is thought to have performed four miracles that
are shown in Glasgow’s Coat of Arms
Here's the bird that never flew. Here's the tree that
never grew. Here's the bell that never rang. Here's the
fish that never swam.
St Mungo: ‘Lord, Let Glasgow Flourish by the
preaching of Thy Word and the Praising of Thy Name’
A Wish
Let Sri Lanka Flourish
Thank You
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