Transcript The Enlightenment Spreads

The Enlightenment Spreads
•In the U.S., what city would you consider
the “cultural and intellectual capital?”
New Ideas in Paris
• In the 1700s, Paris was the cultural and intellectual capital.
• Brightest minds of Europe met there in “salons.”
• Salons—social gatherings where philosophers, writers, scientists,
etc., met to discuss new ideas.
• Hosted by wealthy women
Encyclopedia
• Salon hostesses would sponsor projects of the philosophes.
• Denis Diderot—philosophe who created the Encyclopedia. (1751)
• Set of articles and essays by leading scholars
• Church and French government are offended by the Enlightenment
ideas in the encyclopedia.
• Ban it—but Diderot publishes it anyway.
• How do you think the Enlightenment would spread?
Enlightenment Spreads
• Salons
• Encyclopedia
• Newspapers
• Political songs
• The ideas about government and equality drew attention of a
growing middle class, who could afford to buy books and support
artists.
Changes in Art
• Art in the 1600s and early 1700s was called baroque.
Baroque architecture
Changing Art
Neoclassical Art
• Baroque  Neoclassical art
• “New Classical”
• Borrowed from Greece/Rome
• Simple, instead of grand and ornate
Changes in Music
• Before Enlightenment:
• Johann Sebastian Bach
• George Friedrich Handel
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZTZRtRFkvk “Handel’s Messiah, by The
Choir of King’s College, Cambridge.”
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juKolphjfds “Bach’s Organ Concerto in D,
BWV 596”
Changes in Music
• After Enlightenment:
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Classical music emerges
Franz Joseph Haydn
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Ludwig van Beethoven
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rb0UmrCXxVA “The Best of Mozart”
Changes in Literature
• The novel is created.
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Plots
Suspense
Exploring characters’ thoughts/feelings
Everyday language
Enlightenment Ideas Also Changed Monarchs!
• Enlightened despot—an absolute ruler who embraced Enlightenment
ideas and made reforms based on them.
• Had two goals: 1) Wanted stronger country 2) Wanted a more
effective rule
• Didn’t want to give up power
Frederick the Great
• Frederick II—Prussia, 1740-1786
• Religious freedom, improved education, reduced censorship
• Abolished torture and reformed justice system
• Didn’t try to end serfdom
• Called himself “first servant of the state.”
Joseph II
• Most radical reformer
• Austria, 1780-1790
• Legal reforms, freedom of the press, religion (even for Protestants,
Jews, etc.)
• Abolished serfdom and made peasants paid in cash
• Reforms would not hold up after his death
Catherine the Great
• Catherine II, Russia 1762-1796
• Married the mentally unstable Peter.
• Well educated.
• Friends with Voltaire
• Wanted to allow religious toleration, and end torture and capital
punishment.
• Her commission on Russian law refused.
• She would put limited reforms in place.
Catherine Limits Freedoms
• Her enlightened views changed after a serf uprising in 1773.
• Pugachev’s Rebellion
• Before it, she wanted serfdom to end.
• After it, gives nobles absolute power over the serfs.
Catherine Expands Russia
• Catherine follows Peter the Great’s lead in looking for access to ports.
• Gains access to Black Sea
• Expands empire into Poland
• Splits up the country of Poland with Austria and Prussia in the “First Partition
of Poland” (1772)
• More partitions in 1793 and 1795
• Poland would lose status as independent country for 100+ years