Transcript Barrel Burning - Vermont Agency of Natural Resources

Dioxin and Backyard
Burning
Vermont Forum on Open Burning
May 17, 2004
Mark Mahoney – EPA New England
Topics



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What is dioxin?
Why is dioxin a unique pollutant?
Health Effects
Exposure Pathways
Environmental Sources
Importance of Barrell Burning
2
Some consider this an issue of the past.
3
4
5
6
7
State-of-the-Art Burn Box
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Why are we Concerned?

Backyard burning causes accidental fires.

Backyard burning releases toxic chemicals
into environment that can cause adverse
health impacts.

Backyard burning is illegal in
many states and counties.
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Release of Toxic Chemicals

Direct Exposure

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Indirect Exposure
Particulate Matter
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
PAHs
Metals
Hexacholorobenzene
Dioxin
10
Dioxin-like Compounds
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Cl
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
3,3',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl
Dioxins
75 congeners
7 toxic
Furans
135 congeners
10 toxic
PCBs
209 congeners
12 toxic
2,3,7,8-TCDD
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF
1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDF
3,3',4,4'-TeCB
3,3',4,4',5-PeCB
3,3',4,4',5,5'-HxCB
Plus 8 others
11
What is Dioxin?



A group of chlorinated organic compounds
including dioxins, furans, and some PCBs.
Produced when materials containing
chlorine are burned
Occur naturally and from combustion of
fuels & waste, paper making, and other
chemical and industrial processes.
12
USEPA’s Dioxin Reassessment

The Good News:
The average bioaccumulation level in humans has dropped
from 55 ppt (in the 1980’s) to 25 ppt (1990’s)

The Bad News:
The level at which health effects are detectable in humans is
considerably lower than previously estimated.
Consequently, current exposures are still of concern.

The Bottom Line:
We need to take more steps to further reduce dioxin
exposure.
13
Key Findings of the Reassessment:
•
95% of General Population Exposure is from animal fats in the
commercial food supply


Local sources make little contribution to most peoples’ exposure
Environmental levels in meat and dairy production areas major contributor
•
Air deposition onto plants consumed by domestic meat and dairy animals
is the principal route for contamination of commercial food supply
•
Reservoir sources are a significant component of current exposure and
may dominate future exposure
8
Modes of Action of Dioxin
hsp90
AIP,..
Cl O Cl
TCDD, ... Cl O Cl
Cl O Cl
Cl O Cl
Other Proteins
hsp90 AIP,..
Arnt
Cl O Cl
Cl O Cl
RB, ...
HIFa,
Sim,...
phosphorylation/
dephosphorylation
hsp90
DRE
BTFs
Cl O Cl
Cl O Cl
BTFs
Co-activators
Co-repressors
Arnt
Differentiation
and
Proliferation
chromatin
TATA
Changes in protein levels
(e.g., CYPIA1, IL-1, ...)
Altered gene expression
mRNA
Toxic Effects of Dioxins
Multiple effects in multiple tissues of both
sexes of multiple species throughout the
vertebrate kingdom
 Lethality
 Wasting
 Gonadal/Lymphoid
Atrophy
 Hyperplasia
 Metaplasia
 Endocrine disruption
 Carcinogenicity
 Reproductive/
Developmental
toxicity
 Dermal toxicity
 Immunotoxicity
 Neurotoxicity
 Hepatic toxicity
 Cardiovascular
toxicity
16
Key Findings of the Reassessment
•
Adverse non-cancer effects have been
observed in animal and humans within 10
times background exposure. It is likely that
part of the general population is at, or near,
exposure levels where adverse effects can be
anticipated.
9
Key Findings of the Reassessment:
Risk Characterization
•
Cancer slope factor is based primarily on published analyses
of human studies and is revised upward by a factor of ~6 over
the 1985 EPA value. Uncertainty in the value but MOEs for
cancer are low.

Based on epidemiologic data, probability of cancer risk to the
general population may exceed 10-3 (1 in 1,000) from
background (dietary) exposure. “True” risks are likely to be
less but we can’t say how much less but may approach zero
for some individuals (very low exposure/very low
susceptibility).
10
Key Findings of the Reassessment:
•
Current US regulatory efforts have addressed most of the
known large industrial sources (~80% reduction between ’87
and ’95; further reductions (>90%) anticipated).
•
Open burning of household wastes is the biggest unaddressed
contemporary source identified so far.
•
There remain many uncharacterized sources that could be
significant (agricultural burning, ceramics, forest fires,
secondary steel, reservoir sources).
7
Sources and Pathways to Human Exposures
SOURCES
DEPOSITION
FOOD
SUPPLY
TRANSPORT
Reentrainment
Runoff
Erosion
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Fluxes among
dioxin
reservoirs
Pathways and Sources of Human
Exposures

Pathways:




Ingestion of soil, meats, dairy products, fish
Inhalation of vapors and particulates
Dermal contact with soil
Sources:





Combustion
Metal Smelting, Refining, Processing
Chemical manufacturing
Biological and Photochemical Processes
Reservoir sources
22
Dioxin Exposure Trends
 Environmental levels:
 Peaked in late 60s/early 70s; declined since
based on sediment data
 Decline also supported by Emissions Inventory
which shows significant decrease from 1987 to
1995 (~80%)
 Human tissue data suggest current levels are
about half of 1980 levels (55 to 25 pg TEQDFP/g lipid)
 Steady state PK modeling of current intake
levels project tissue levels of about 11 pg
TEQDFP/g lipid.
23
Data for Archived Food Samples
Percent
difference
from current
PCDD/F
levels
Percent
difference
from current
PCB levels
0.07 (0.07)
38 (42)
15 (15)
0.98 (0.75)
0.36 (0.36)
89 (197)
140 (146)
1957 dried cream
2.05 (0.81)
3.56 (3.54)
244 (96)
827 (824)
1968 bacon bar
3.01 (2.94)
1.05 (1.05)
231 (638)
1747 (2620)
1968 deviled ham
3.73 (3.71)
0.61 (0.61)
287 (805)
1019 (1529)
1971 beef
1.36 (0.02)
2.48 (1.98)
153 (7)
540 (540)
1971 bacon wafer
1.75 (1.62)
1.98 (1.98)
135 (352)
3301 (4952)
1977 raw chicken
1.29 (1.18)
2.72 (2.72)
202 (287)
970 (970)
1977 cooked chicken
1.33 (1.20)
2.83 (2.83)
209 (292)
1009 (1009)
1979 pork slices
1.46 (1.20)
0.04 (0.04)
112 (262)
72 (105)
1980 beef steak
0.94 (0.73)
0.93 (0.93)
106 (207)
203 (203)
1982 ham slice
1.36 (1.04)
0.07 (0.07)
105 (227)
119 (178)
1983 beef in bbq
0.50 (0.03)
0.79 (0.79)
56 (8)
171 (171)
1983 turkey with gravy
0.55 (0.23)
0.32 (0.31)
85 (57)
113 (113)
Description
PCDD/F
TEQ, pg/g
lipid
PCB TEQ,
pg/g lipid
1908 beef ration
0.34 (0.15)
1945 beef and pork
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(results assume ND = ½ LOD; results calculated at ND = 0 shown in parenthesis).
Adult Average Daily Intake of
CDDs/CDFs/Dioxin-like PCBs
2000 Draft Estimate: ~ 65 pg TEQDFP-WHO98/day
Vegetable fat
Other meats
Soil ingestion
Soil dermal contact
Poultry
Freshwater fish and
shellfish
6%
Pork
5%
19%
Marine fish and shellfish
Beef
7%
14%
1%
4%
Eggs
Inhalation
16%
21%
Milk
Dairy
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Location of Lakes for Sediment
Core Sampling
RM-11
W-14
RM-7
NE-4
NE-5
W-15
NE-11
SE-2
SE-4
RM-12
A-4
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Sediment Levels, Beaver Lake, Olympic Peninsula
200
Residue Levels (pg/g, dw)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1884
1897
1909
1921
1932
1946
1955
1964
1974
Year
Total CDD/Fs
Non-detects = zero
27
Inventory of Sources of Dioxin in the
United States- Sept, 2000 draft
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration, air
Backyard Barrel Burnning, air
Medical Waste Incineration, air
Secondary Copper Smelting, air
Cement Kilns (haz waste), air
Sewage Sludge/land applied, land
Residential Wood Burning, air
Coal-fired Utilities, air
Diesel Trucks, air
Secondary Aluminum Smelting, air
2,4-D, land
Iron Ore Sintering, air
Industrial Wood Burning, air
Bleached Pulp and Paper Mills, water
Cement Kilns (non-haz waste), air
Sewage Sludge Incineration, air
EDC/Vinyl chloride, air
Oil-fired Utilities, air
Crematoria, air
Unleaded Gasoline, air
Hazardous Waste Incineration, air
Lightweight ag kilns, haz waste,air
Kraft Black Liquor Boilers, air
Petrol Refine Catalyst Reg., air
Leaded Gasoline, air
Secondary Lead Smelting, air
Paper Mill Sludge, land
Cigarette Smoke, air
EDC/Vinyl chloride, land
Primary Copper, air
EDC/Vinyl chloride, water
Boilers/industrial furnaces
Tire Combustion, air
Drum Reclamation, air
TOTALS
Percent Reduction from 1987
1987
Emissions
(g TEQdfWHO98/yr)
1995
Emissions
(g TEQdfWHO98/yr)
8877.0
604.0
2590.0
983.0
117.8
76.6
89.6
50.8
27.8
16.3
33.4
32.7
26.4
356.0
13.7
6.1
NA
17.8
5.5
3.6
5.0
2.4
2.0
2.2
37.5
1.2
14.1
1.0
NA
0.5
NA
0.8
0.1
0.1
13,995
1250.0
628.0
488.0
271.0
156.1
76.6
62.8
60.1
35.5
29.1
28.9
28.0
27.6
19.5
17.8
14.8
11.2
10.7
9.1
5.9
5.8
3.3
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
3,252
77%
% Total
1995
38%
19%
15%
8%
5%
2%
2%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
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Inventory of Sources of Dioxin in the
United States-May, 2000
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration, air
Backyard Barrel Burnning, air
Medical Waste Incineration, air
Secondary Copper Smelting, air
Cement Kilns (haz waste), air
Sewage Sludge/land applied, land
Residential Wood Burning, air
Coal-fired Utilities, air
Diesel Trucks, air
Secondary Aluminum Smelting, air
2,4-D, land
Iron Ore Sintering, air
Industrial Wood Burning, air
Bleached Pulp and Paper Mills, water
Cement Kilns (non-haz waste), air
Sewage Sludge Incineration, air
EDC/Vinyl chloride, air
Oil-fired Utilities, air
Crematoria, air
Unleaded Gasoline, air
Hazardous Waste Incineration, air
Lightweight ag kilns, haz waste,air
Kraft Black Liquor Boilers, air
Petrol Refine Catalyst Reg., air
Leaded Gasoline, air
Secondary Lead Smelting, air
Paper Mill Sludge, land
Cigarette Smoke, air
EDC/Vinyl chloride, land
EDC/Vinyl chloride, water
Boilers/industrial furnaces, air
Tire Combustion , air
Drum Reclamation, air
TOTALS
Percent Reduction from 1987
1987
Emissions
(g TEQdfWHO98/yr)
8877.0
604.0
2590.0
983.0
117.8
76.6
89.6
50.8
27.8
16.3
33.4
32.7
26.4
356.0
13.7
6.1
NA
17.8
5.5
3.6
5.0
2.4
2.0
2.2
37.5
1.2
14.1
1.0
NA
NA
0.8
0.1
0.1
13,995
1995
2002/4
Emissions Emissions
(g TEQdf- (g TEQdfWHO98/yr) WHO98/yr)
1250.0
628.0
488.0
271.0
156.1
76.6
62.8
60.1
35.5
29.1
28.9
28.0
27.6
19.5
17.8
14.8
11.2
10.7
9.1
5.9
5.8
3.3
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
3,252
77%
12.0
628.0
7.0
5.0
7.7
76.6
62.8
60.1
35.5
29.1
28.9
28.0
27.6
12.0
17.8
14.8
11.2
10.7
9.1
5.9
3.5
0.4
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.4
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
1,106
92%
29
Dioxin Emissions (g TEQdf-WHO98/yr)
as
M
te
ed
In
ic
ci
al
ne
W
ra
as
tio
Se
n
te
co
In
nd
ci
ar
ne
d
ra
C
tio
Ho
op
n
us
pe
eh
rS
ol
m
d
el
Bl
G
tin
ea
ar
g
ch
ba
ed
ge
Pu
Bu
lp
rn
in
a
nd
C
g
em
Pa
en
pe
tK
rM
iln
ills
s
R
(
Ha
es
id
za
en
rd
tia
ou
lW
s)
Se
o
od
w
ag
Bu
e
rn
Sl
in
ug
g
e
Ap
pl
ic
C
at
oa
io
l-F
n
ire
d
Ut
ilit
Le
ie
ad
s
ed
G
as
ol
in
e
M
un
ic
ip
al
W
Known Sources of Dioxin
1400
1200
1000
1995
2002/04
800
600
400
200
0
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BYB Emissions are Greater Than All
Other Quantified Sources Combined
BYB
All other
sources
31
OPEN BURNING TEST FACILITY
32
Open Burn Test Facility
33
1
High Cu
High Cu
CaCl2
CaCl2
PVC=7.5%
PVC=7.5%
Open
Wetted
Wetted
Double
Double
Double
Compressed
Compressed
PVC=1%
PVC=1%
PVC=0%
PVC=0%
Baseline
Baseline
Baseline
Baseline
Baseline
Baseline
Baseline
I-TEQ (ng/kg waste burned)
Results: TEQ Values
10000
1000
100
10
34
Statistical Analysis Results

Waste Chlorine Effect Statistically Significant
Only at High Cl Levels

At Normal Cl Levels (< 1 % Cl), Other
Parameters Dominate

Gas-Phase Conditions Important (HCl, T, Cu,
burning rate)

Majority of PCDD/F Emissions During
Smoldering Phase of Burn
35
Activity Level
-In 2000, 51.8 Million People Lived in Nonmetropolitan Areas (U.S. DOC, 2000).
-Of the Rural Population in the United States, 40 Percent Are Assumed to Burn
Their Household Waste in a Barrel (Two Rivers Region Council of Public
Officials 1994).
-On Average, Each U.S. Citizen Generates 4.5 Pounds of Solid Waste
(Excluding Yard Waste) Per Day (or 616 kg/person-yr) (U.S. EPA, 2001).
-On Average, in Households that Dispose of Household Waste by Burning,
Approximately 63 Percent of Waste Generated Is Burned (I.E., 63 Percent of
616 Kg/person-yr = 388 Kg/person-year) (Two Rivers Region Council of
Public Officials 1994).
36
Dioxin Uptake Into Meat And Dairy
37
Emissions from Known Sources Unlikely
to Correlate Proportionally With General
Population Exposures.
•A Majority of the Combustion Sources Are Limited
to a Few States
•The Production of Animal Fats Is Also
Concentrated in a Few States
•Most Major Food Production States Are Are Upwind
of Major Emission Production States
•Open Burning Likely to be a Significant Source of
Exposure
•Reservoir Sources Could Be Significant Source of
Exposure
38
Uncontrolled
Controlled
39
Summary and Conclusions
 Dioxin-like Compounds are Highly Potent Carcinogens and exhibit
a wide range on non-cancer health effects.
 Dioxin-like Compounds Background exposure levels result in
significant risk.
 Exposure is from consumption of animal fats in the commercial
food supply.
 Environmental levels have declined since the '70s but may level off
as major industrial emission sources are controlled.
 Uncontrolled combustion is likely to be the largest unaddressed
contemporary sources.
 Backyard burning of household waste is the best understood and
likely the most amenable to reduction of all uncontrolled
combustion sources.
40
What Can YOU Do?


Share the message
Identify other waste disposal methods in your
community




Reuse (more use means less waste)
Recycle (paper, plastics, metallic items)
Compost (leaves, yard waste, vegetable wastes)
Identify local landfills which accept waste
41
Together we can :
“Ban the Barrel”
Thank you