Transcript Document

Assesment of utilized technologies and
comparasion with Best Available Techniques
Authors:
Željko Kamberović, Ph.D. metallurgy
Marija Korać, M.Sc. metallurgy
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Mapped locations in Serbia
The Šabac Plant
Zajača, Loznica
US Steel Serbia
Thermal Power
Plant Kostolac
Thermal Power
Plant Kolubara
RTB Bor, Bor
Rudnik, Rudnik
Trepča Complex
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
OBJECTIVES
1. Comparison of the technologies currently used by
the mining and metallurgical industries with BEST
AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES in the relevant fields
2. Evaluation of potential technological improvements
in the same fields, focusing at the prevention of the
regional water resources contamination and
remediation of the polluted surface-, ground- water.
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
BATs for the metallurgical industries
SERBIA METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES
US steel: Iron and steel production
Sabac Plant: primary Zn production
Zajaca AD: secondary Pb production
RTB BOR : primary copper production
SERBIA ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Kostolac : electric power plant
Kolubara : electric power plant
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Mining activities
• RTB Bor, TREPCA
• Rudnik, Rudnik
• Rudnik flotation tailings are tailings of canyon type. Dam of the
tailing is on 495m and it is made from hydrocyclone sand, and slurry
fraction is transported to settling lake, distant from the top of the
dam 200-300m. Pulp pipe line is 2km long, diamenter 150cm.
Tailings is designed and build providing work of Rudnik in the next
40 years. Retention time of slurry fraction is long, 1-2 years, allowing
enough time for settling of mineralar particles, dissolution and
bonding of flotation agents. Annual quantity of tailings is 200 000t. In
wastewaters no toxic materies in amounts over discharge limits are
detected. Nearest settlement is town Rudnik on 5-6km from tailings.
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
• Trepca complex
• Passive tailings are:
• Marevački Stream – Novo Brdo, Gračanica, Gornje Polje
– Zvečan, Žitkovac,
• Gornji Krnjin – Leposavić and Veliko i Malo Polje –
Rudnica with total area of 147ha.
• Active flotation tailings are, although they are not in
function for pas five years,
• Dečkin Stream – flotation Badovac Žarkov Stream –
flotation First Tunel, Bostanište – flotation Kopaonik –
Leposavić, Kukanjica Stream – flotation Suva Ruda –
Rudnica with total area of 90ha.
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
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•
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•
Flotation tailings Marevci is from processing of lead-zinc ores and is located beside Marevacka
river. On this flotation tailing is astimately disposed 651.000 t ( 345.000 m3) of tailings on area of
6ha.
Flotation tailings Gracanica is located beside river Gracanka approximately 3km from monastery
Gracanica. Near the tailings is road Pristina-Gnjilane-Vranje. Here is deisposed tailings from leadzinc processing. Total area of tailings is 40ha with average height of 20m where 11. 235.000 t (5,9
miliona m3) tailings is disposed.
Flotation tailings Gornje polje is located on right bank of river Ibar,3 km north from Kosovska
Mitrovica. Near the tailings are road and rail.Tailings is devided in two parts by Kutlovacki stream.
Total area of tailings is 50ha with average height of 10-12m where 15.000.000 t (8.150.000 m3)
tailings is disposed.
Flotation tailings Zitkovac is located 1.4 km north from Zvecan on theritory of Zitkovac village at
the left bank of river Ibar near the road and rail. Total area of tailings is 26ha with average height
of 19-22m where 7.050.000 t tailings is disposed.
Flotation tailings Gornji Krnjin (Upper Krnjin) is located 900m north from flotation plant on the right
bank of river Ibar. Total area of tailings is 7ha with average height of 12-14m where 2.600.000 t
tailings is disposed.
Flotation tailings Velilko and Malo Polje (Big and Small Field) are on the right bank of river Ibar
closeby rail and road. Total area of tailings is 18ha where 2.750.000 t of tailings from magnetite
and copper concentrate production and 850.000t of tailings from lead and zinc concentrate
production are disposed.
Flotation tailings Deckin Stream is built up above village Badovac in basin Deckin stream, nearby
is road Priština – Gnjilanje – Vranje. Tailings is in operation since 1988 and for the time of
exploitation disposed was 1.970.000t of tailings on area of 18ha.
Flotation tailings Zarkov Stream is basin Zarkov Stream near the road Kraljevo-Skoplje.
Exploitation of this tailings started in 1974 and up to now is disposed 11.970.000 t of tailings on
22ha.
Flotation tailings Bostaniste, Leposavic is near right bank of river Ibar on 1.2 km from flotation
Kopaonik. Dam of flotation tailings is built by hydraulic methiod from hydrocyclone sand. Small
fractions are depositet in tailings lake, and clarified waters are trough collector are drained out of
tailings. Up to now on area of 30ha 3.340.000 t of tailings is disposed.
Flotation tailings Kukanjica, Rudnica is located within village of Rudnica and occupies area of
19ha and up to now disposed is 1.080.000t of tailings.
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
General principles of BATs
BATs involve
Raw materials handling
Process control
Gas collection and abatement
Prevention and destruction of dioxins
Metallurgical process
Emissions to air/ to water
Process residues
Toxic compounds
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Iron and steel production
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Emission to water
• The water management in an integrated steelworks
primarily depends on the local conditions,
• fresh water and on legal requirements.
• Figure 1 gives an example of water management with an
indication of the water treatment of an integrated
steelworks with surplus of intake water availability, thus
explaining the presence of many once-through cooling
systems, resulting in a specific water consumption of
more than 100 m3/t steel. At sites with very low fresh
water availability there is a need to save water as much
as possible. In such cases the specific water
consumption can be less than 5-10 m3/t steel
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
US Steel Serbia
• Direct recipient of ww is Ralja river
– 2 collectors, no ww flow measurement
– 12 samples × 4 sampling points per year
• Increased ammonia (CII), phosphate, suspended
materials, BOD5 & COD (Ralja upstream CI&II)
• 2 industrial water recirculation systems A&B
– 90% of water in recirculation system (according to design)
– No significant release of recirculation water to surface water
• Underground water
– Some points increased content of Al, Ba, B, Co, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ni,
Zn
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
USSS use in total 245m3 ind water/t of product
Flow sheet of
using and
treatment of
cooling and
technical water
in blast furnace
complex
Source:
Study of
environmental
impact of Blast
furnace 1 in US
Steel Serbia
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Gases
• For sinter plants the following techniques or combination
of techniques are considered as BAT:
• Waste gas de-dusting by application of:
• Advanced electrostatic precipitation (ESP) (moving
electrode ESP, ESP pulse system, high voltage
operation of ESP), or
• Electrostatic precipitation plus fabric filter, or
• Pre-dedusting (e.g. ESP or cyclones) plus high pressure
wet scrubbing system.
• Using these techniques dust emission concentrations
<50 mg/Nm3 are achieved in normal operation. In case
of application of a fabric filter, emissions of 10-20
mg/Nm3 are achieved.
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
•
•
•
•
•
•
Waste gas recirculation,
Minimisation of PCDD/F emissions
Minimisation of heavy metal emissions
Lowering the hydrocarbon content of the sinter
feed and avoidance of anthracite as fuel.
Recovery of residue heat.
Minimisation of SO2 emissions, by for example:
–
–
•
•
•
Lowering the sulphur input
With wet waste gas desulphurisation,
Minimisation of NOx emissions by, for example:
Waste gas recirculation
Waste gas denitrification, applying
–
–
Regenerative activated carbon process
Selective catalytic reduction.
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
BAT-Integrated steelworks
Typical example for the management of residues and by-products in an integrated steelworks
fine scale
small sections
casting scale
filter dust
filter dust
coke plant
H2 SO4
waste oil
oil and water
sinter plant
breeze
blast furnace
Basic oxygen steelmaking
coke abrasions
tar1
BF coarse dust
Fe-cont. material
slags
mill scale
scale
cold rolling
hot rolling
mill
mill
slag
treatment/ recycling rubble
iron sulphate
BF slag granulate
benzene
foamed slag
LD slag
sale
converter lime
BF fine dust
rubble
landfill
filling material
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
US Steel Serbia
• Per t of steel 600 kg of by-products and
secondary meterials
–
BF slag 250-500 kg/t Fe, CR slag 130-150 kg/t steel
• More than several projects on recycling of these
products in past 10 years!
CONCLUSION
→air pollution
→degradation of environment
→risky work conditions
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
5 mil. tons cat. Cu
RTB Bor
• WW treatment plant
– Lime milk neutralization trough two tanks
– Out off work
• See: http://www.labmet.ntua.gr/intreat/
• Treatment of part of mining and metallurgical
blue waters is performed in existing cementation
plant
• Government conditioned new owner to change
smelting technology
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Copper
Reverberatory Furnace 1879
Butte, Montana
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
BAT-Primary Cu production
Primary copper production route
Concentrates
air emissions-SO2 to acid plant
Roasting Smelting
Fluxes
Dust, metal oxide fume
Oxygen
Land emissions
Matte
air emissions
Slag treatment
land emissions
furnace lining,
dust (depending on
process)
Furnace linings
slag concentrate or
matte
Converter
Flux, scrap,
air emissions- SO2 to acid plant
air, oxygen
land emissions
blister copper
final slag
slag
filter dust
furnace linings
wastewater
Reductant, scrap, air
Anode furnace
air emissions- SO2 to acid plant
water vapour
anodes
anode scrap
Electrolytic refining
electrolyte bleed
wastewater
Slime
PM
Cathodes
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Copper
converting
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Flash Smelting 1950s
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Outokumpu Flash Smelting Process,
'Metallurgical innovation of the 20th century'
ASM Historical Landmark status
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
SO2 versus So
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
SO2 versus So
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
HYDROMETALLURGY
H2SO4, H2SO4 + Fe2(SO4)3,
chloride solutions e.g. FeCl2,
amonnia chloride
hydroxyphenyl oximes
C6H3 (R)(OH) CNOHR*
R= C9H19 or C12H25
R*= H, CH3 ili C6H5
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
RTB Zajaca & MONBAT PLC, Indjija
• Currently in construction
• Water treatment seems to be according to BAT
Battery process-short rotary
Physical treatment of
batteries
Na2SO4 (CX)
140
sale
Battery paste (MA)
500
to primary smelter
Polypropylene
Residual plastics
Smelting
kg/t Pb
Slag
70-80
100-130
150-200
sale
disposal or incineration
Disposal PROBLEM!
Flue dust
25-60
after treatment back to Pb-smelter
PRETREATMENT!
Refining
Dross
60-90
to primary smelter
Waste water
Precipitated sludge
return to smelter PRETREATMENT!
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
scrap batteries
BATSecondary Pb
gases
wastewater
Drainage
Crusher
battery acid
gases
wastewater
Screening
Crusher
Electrode
Hydraulic
Hydraulic
poly-
paste
separator
separator
propylene
Metallics
Ebonite
fines
(lead grid)
Smelting
gases
slag
lead bullion
lead
dross (for recycling)
1st and 2nd dross
Reverberatory furnace (by -
kettle
product treatment)
sulphur
Baghouse
copper rich matte and
copper dross
speiss (to copper
fumes to baghouse
smelter)
air
NaOH
Softening
Hard lead furnace
Antimonial
Refining kettle
(hard) lead
arsenical/antimonial skims
dross
slag (return to charge preparation)
lead
air
Desilvering
Howard
1
press
zinc/silver crust
Liquation
Retort
Cupel
Doré
silver
zinc (to de-silvering) lead oxide
skims
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Other locations
• The Sabac zinc plant
–
–
–
–
currently out of work
in process of ownership transformation
contact with new owner
total water treatment reconstruction!
• The Trepca Complex
– currently hope for renewing of metallurgical activities
– in future new smelter could be built
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
dling/
BAT-Zn hydrometallurgy
Diagram of the zinc hydrometallurgical process
dust
ment
dues
removal of other dust, Hg and Se
D
Zn concentrates
E
Zn wastes
U
Scrubbing system
Wet electrostatic
S
precipitator
D
wastewater
T
gas
I
Fluidised Bed
N
Roaster
er
G
Hot electrostatic
Sulphuric acid plant
precipitator
wastewater
dust from roaster
gases
s
Goethite
wastewaters
Leaching
Further treatment
Jarosite
(precipitation)
Hematite
gas
Zinc solution purification
NL-Residue to ISF or
Cadmium
wastewaters
refinery
gas
Waelz Kiln
wastewater
ISF off gas
Waelz Kiln off-gas
ISF wastewater
Electrolysis Stage
wastewaters
off-gas
Melting Alloying
& Casting
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Techniques that can be used to
reach the SO2 levels, BAT
Pollutant
Low SO2 off-gas
Range associated with Techniques that can be
the use of BAT
used to reach this level
>99,1% conversion factor
single contact sulphuric acid
streams (~ 1-4%)
Comments
For low-grade SO2 gases. Combined with
plant or WSA (Wet gas Sulphuric dry or semi-dry scrubber to reduce SO2
Acid/BREF_p.388), (tail gas SO2 emissions and produce gypsum if a market is
content depends on feed gas
available
strength)
SO2 rich off-gas >99,7% conversion factor
Double contact sulphuric acid
Very low levels of other air-borne
streams
plant (tail gas SO2 content
pollutants will be reached due to intensive
depends on feed gas strength). A gas treatment prior to the contact plant
de-mister may be appropriate for (wet scrubbing, wet EP and , if necessary,
the final removal of SO3
mercury removal to ensure H2SO4 product
quality
Note: Collected emissions only. Acossiated emissions are given as daily averages based on continuous monitoring during the
operating period. In cases where continuous monitoring is not practicable the value will be the average over the sampling
period. For the abatement system used, the characteristics of the gas and dust will be taken into account in the design of
the system and the correct operating temperature used
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Jarosite and Pb-Ag slimes from
leaching
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Jarosite
According to the “European Waste catalogue of Hazardous Waste List” jarosite is
characterized as ”hazardous waste”.
Re-design of the leaching process
Restricting the process to neutral leaching only is one alternative method that can be
used to avoid the production of intractable wastes (jarosite). In this case iron remains
in the leach residue along with a significant portion of the zinc. This residue is used
as the feed for a pyrometallurgical process to recover the zinc, lead, silver, sulphur
and to bring the iron into a slag.
Controlled Disposal
If the modification of the leaching process is not feasible, then techniques to render
the jarosite residue inert should be used if possible. The effective washing and
precipitation of the leachable metals as sulphides before disposal should be
considered. Moreover, the solubility of the residue should be monitored using a
standard leachate test. (Council Directive 1999-3 on the landfill of waste).
Pb-Ag slime
BAT for the treatment of this kind of slime is the recovery of Ag. However there are no
BATs available for the recovery of Ag so this is an open area for research. The Pb-Ag
slime could be processed further in a lead smelter (during lead smelting and refining
the precious metals are concentrated in a Pb-Zn-Ag alloy) or leached with MgCl2 or
CaCl2.
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
ENERGY PRODUCTION
• Wastes arising from the lignite combustion
plants are of three types: liquids (mainly oil
contaminated waste waters), solids (fly ash) and
gases (SO2 , CO2 , NOx emissions, dusts).
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
Fly ash
Bottom
ash
Sorption process Gypsum
products
Construction industry
Concrete additive (disregarding "Flual")
Lightweight aggregates for concrete

Foam mortar, porous concrete

High performanve concrete

"Flual" production

Blend additive in the cement industry

Raw meal consituent in the cement industry




Cement additive to delay setting
Isolation walls


Construction gypsum

Ceramic industry


Road building and landscaping


Dam construction with the RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete) technique


Filler for bituminous surfacing, bonding layers and sub-base binders

Ground stabilisation, loose building materials for earth work and road
construction




Sound proofing



Landfill technology, waste treatment


Landfill


Hazardous substance immobilisation

Lining material for landfill bottom lining

Surface filter for landfill sealing




Sewage sludge conditioning

Base material for biological waste water cleaning

Utilization
possibilities of
combustion
residues and
by-production
Filler for pipeline ditches
Stabilised ash cement mixture


Ditch filling


Other methods of utilisation


Reclamation material in mining


Zeolite production


Alpha- and beta- half hydrate production

Filling material in the paper industry

Production of anhydrite
"Muller-Kuhne-process"
Thermal recovery
Flue-gas desulphurisation








Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
BATs for de-dusting off-gases from
lignite-fired combustion plants
Dust emission level (mg/Nm3)
Capacity
(MWth)
Capacity
(MWth)
50-100
50-100
3
5-20
100-300
5-20
Dust emission level (mg/Nm )
new plants
5-20
(1)
existing plants
5-30
new plants
(1)
5-30 (2)
BAT to reach these levels
(2)
(3)
ESP or FF
ESP or FF
5-25 (4)
continuous
FF for CFBC
5-20
5-10 (5)
5-20 (6)
(5)
ESP
Notes:
ESP
FF
FF
the redu
fabric fi
FGD
for PC
new
and(wet)
existing
plants
of an ES
the reduction rate associated with the use of a
the redu
new and existing
fabric filter
is considered
to be 99,95% or
continuous
fabric fi
plants
reduces
of an ESP is considered to be 99,5% or higher

new and existing
continuous
Electrostatic
precipitator
plants
the reduction rate associated with the use of a
fabric filter
is considered
be 99,95% orin the ra
For very
high dust to
concentrations
Fabric filter
higher calorific lignite is used as a fuel, thereduc
a
FGD
Flue gas desulphurisation by using a spray dryer
ESP
or (sds)
FF for CFBC
99,9% for fabric filters is considered to b
wet scrubber used for desulphurisation also
Electrostatic precipitator2
FGD (wet)
Wet flue-gas desulphurisation
FGD (dsi)
Flue-gas desulphurisation by dry sorbent
the dust concentration levels mentioned in
reduces dust
The rationale given by Indust
3
For very
high dust concentrations
Industry and one MS proposed
20-100mg/Nm
that be
issues
fuel
ch
in the raw gas, which is
might
the such
case as
when
low
gas inlet SO concentration w
2
calorific lignite is used as a fuel, the reduction rate of 99,95% for the
ESP or
3 Industry and one MS proposed 10-30mg/Nm3
FGD, economics, as well as hi
Flue gas desulphurisation by using a spray dryer
FGD (wet)
the dust concentration levels mentioned in this table.
Wet flue-gas desulphurisation
in the case of combination with wet FGD
99,9% for fabric filters is considered to be the BAT associated
level,taken
rather
than
not been fully
into
acco
4 Industry and one MS proposed 10-100mg/Nm3 for Esp or FF, and 10-50mg/Nm3
Flue-gas desulphurisation5byIndustry
dry sorbent
and one MS proposed 10-30mg/Nm3
1 Industry and one MS proposed
new and existing
plants
the reduction rate associated
with thehigher
use
FGD (sds)
FGD (dsi)
of an ES
Comments
1 Industry and one MS proposed 10-50mg/Nm3
Fabric filter
the r
plants
the
r
of an ESP is considered to be 99,5% or higher

FGD (wet) for PC
Notes:
5-20 (6)
plants
new and existing
higher
higher
ESP or FF for CFBC
the reduction rate associated with thewet
usescru
(6)
ESP or FF in combination with
>300
5-20 (5)
5-20
new FF
andfor
existing
CFBC
Applicability
ESP or FF in combination with
(6)
(wet, sd or dsi) for PC /ESP or continuous
>300
continuous
(wet, sd or dsi) for PC /ESP or continuous
5-20
ESP or 5-10
FF in combination
/FGD
5-20 (3)
Monitoring
Monitoring
ESP or Applicability
FF in combination /FGD
5-25 (4)
(5)
100-300
BAT to reach these levels
existing plants
view and maintained that eve
emissions levels achieved, wh
resistivity and high ash conte
6 Industry and one MS proposed 10-100mg/Nm3 for Esp or FF, and 10-50mg/Nm3 the proposed levels for exist
in 3the case of combination with wet FGD
The rationale given by Industry proposing to
fornatural
the values
given beside,
desulphurisation
10-50mg/Nm
is that issues such as fuel characteristics, ash resistivity, the flue1,2 One3 Industry representative mentioned that for coal fired plants between 50
2 Industry and one MS proposed 20-100mg/Nm
gas inlet SO concentration which determined the necessity for an
and 100MW, dust emissions of less than 30mg/Nm32 are too optimistic and gives
3
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
BAT for nitrogen oxide prevention and control in lignite-fired combustion plants
Capacity
Combustion
(MWth)
technique
NOx emission level associate
with BAT (mg/Nm3)
new plants
Grate-firing 200-300
50-100
CFBC, BFBC
and PFBC
PC
PC
200-300
200-450
100-200
BAT options to reach
Applicability
Monitoring
Pm and/or SNCR
New and existing
Continuous
200-300
Combination of Pm (such as
plants
New and existing
Continuous
200-450 (2)
air and fuel-staging)
Combination of Pm (such as
plants
New and existing
Continuous
100-200 (3)
air and fuel-staging)
Combination of Pm (such as
plants
existing plants
200-300 (1)
these levels
air and fuel-staging, low
100-300
CFBC, BFBC
100-200
100-200 4)
and PFBC
New and existing
NOx burner, reburning,
plants
etc)
Combination of Pm (such as
New and existing
air and fuel-staging) if
plants
Continuous
Continuous
necessary tohethre with
PC
50-200 (5)
50-200 (6)
SNRC
Combination of Pm (such as
air and fuel-staging, low
>300
CFBC, BFBC
50-150
50-200 (7)
and PFBC
New and existing
NOx burner, reburning,
plants
etc)
Combination of Pm (such as
New and existing
air and fuel-staging)
plants
Continuous
Continuous
Notes:
PC
CFBC
Pulverised combustion
circulating fluidised bed
BFBC
bubbling fluidised bed
PFBC
pressurised fluidised bed
Pm
Primary measures to reduce NOx
SCR
Selective catalytic reduction of NOx
SNCR
Selective non catalytic reduction of NOx
Industry and one MS proposed that the levels should be as follows Industry claimed that their proposed figures better consider the issue that the
1 400mg/Nm3
2 upper level 500mg/Nm3
3 upper level 450mg/Nm3
4 range to be 100-300mg/Nm3
5 range to be 100-200mg/Nm3
6 range to be 100-450mg/Nm3
7 lower end of the range to be 100mg/Nm3
application of primary measures are restricted by boiler geometry and configuartion
(height restrictions may not allow retrofitting of air and fuel staging). One MS added
that for existing plants burning low quality lignite, the produced NOx emision levels are
quite low, due to the combustion technique inherent primary measures for NOx
reductions (flue gas recirculation, fuel and air staging etc). Further modifications for
improvement of already installed primary measures are rstricted by boiler geometry and
configuration and are not cost effective
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
SO2 emission level associate with
Capacity
(MWth)
Grate-firing
PC
50-100
BAT (mg/Nm3)
Combustion technique
CFBC and BFBC
BFBC
PC
new plants
existing plants
200-400
200-400
200-400
(1)
150-400 (3)
150-400
(5)
100-200
200-400 (2)
150-400
150-400
(4)
(6)
100-250 (7)
BAT options to reach
Applicability
Monitoring
Low sulphur fuel or
New and
Continuous
FGD (sds)
existing plants
these levels
Low sulphur fuel or
New and
Continuous
FGD (sds, dsi)
Low sulphur fuel
existing plants
New and
Continuous
Limestone injection existing plants
Low sulphur fuel FGD
New and
Continuous
BATs for
prevention
and control
of SO2 from
lignite power
production
plants
(sds, dsi)
existing plants
Low sulphur fuel FGD
(wet, sds) FGD (dsi, up
to about 200MWth)
Seawater scrubbing
Combined techniques
100-300
New and
existing plants
Continuous
for the reduction of
NOx and SO2
CFBC and BFBC
BFBC
PC
100-200
100-200
20-150
(10)
100-250
(8)
100-250 (9)
20-200
(11)
Low sulphur fuel
New and
Limestone injection existing plants
Low sulphur fuel FGD
New and
Continuous
Continuous
(sds,wet)
existing plants
Low sulphur fuel FGD
(wet, sds) FGD (dsi, up
to about 200MWth)
Seawater scrubbing
Combined techniques
>300
New and
existing plants
Continuous
for the reduction of
NOx and SO2
CFBC and BFBC
BFBC
100-200
20-150
100-200
20-200
(12)
(13)
Low sulphur fuel
New and
Limestone injection existing plants
Low sulphur fuel FGD
New and
(wet)
Continuous
Continuous
existing plants
Notes:
PC
Pulverised combustion
CFBC
circulating fluidised bed combustion
BFBC
bubbling fluidised bed combustion
PFBC
pressurised fluidised bed combustion
FGD (wet)
wet flue-gas desulphurisation
FGD (dsi)
FGD (sds)
flue-gas desulphurisation by dry sorbent injection
flue-gas desulphurisation by using a spray dryer
These levels where proposed by the industry because they claim that better takes into account the fuel
1-6, 8, 9, upper level 300mg/ Nm3
12, 13
characteristics, the inlet flue-gas SO2 concentration affects the BAT achievable levels considering the
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007
agreed wet scrubber SO removal efficiencies of 85-98%, the high energy consumption of such a wet
Conclusion
• Comparison of BAT’s and currently used
technologies in mining and metalurgical industry
of Serbia showed that only one plant could be
considered as BAT (Monbat, Indjija)
• Significant effort for technological improvement
is visible in companies with constant production
level and appropriate profit (US Steel Serbia,
Smederevo)
Workshop, Belgrade, dec. 10th 2007